Smoking is established as a recognized cause of cancer, lung disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke(US Public Health Service,1964,Doll R 1976,1994, US Department of Health and Human Services,1989).it is considered to be the single most important avoidable cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the world. WHO has estimated that there are about 1100 million smokers worldwide; this represents about one-third of the global population aged over 15 years (WHO,1997). About 73% of these smokers (700 million males, 100 million females) are in developing countries; in industrialized countries there are 200 million male smokers and 100 million female smokers. In the over 15-year-old population of developing countries, it is estimated that about 48% of males and 7% of females are smokers. The corresponding figures for industrialized countries are 42% for males and 24% for females (WHO,1997).
Logistic Regression Model: The logistic regression models has wide ranging applications from determining the population growth and its determinants to applications for predicting and analyzing qualitative data and in epidemiological studies. Logistic regression model postulates relationship between the log odds of a disease and the risk factors. A regression predicts the probability that an observation falls into one of two categories of a dichotomous dependent variable based on one or more independent variables that can be either continuous or categorical.
As in univariate logistic
The smoking habit is the principal cause of illness, disability and death around the world. More than five million of people in the world die due to smoking habit every year. If we don’t take care of this in 2030 the amount will be ten million. Seven million of these deaths would be in poor countries.
With such an expansive history in Connecticut, the subject of tobacco is just as encompassing. With roots in Windsor colonial history through its height in the 1950s, sources try to capture it all at a surface level. Scholars have studied tobacco over time evaluating its role in the community at that moment in time. Over a variety of sources, overall the response to tobacco in Windsor has been positive as it serves as both an economic influence and a cultural one as well. Starting at one of the most recent sources, Brianna Dunlap looks at the entire Connecticut River valley as the backdrop as Connecticut’s tobacco industry in Connecticut Valley Tobacco. Published in 2016, Dunlap captures tobacco’s history starting at its roots in the 1600s through Cuba’s reopening trade ports in 2015. This book serves to establish Windsor’s connection with tobacco and how it changed over time to match the changing landscape around the tobacco sheds.
Tobacco, a standout amongst the most essential trade yields out American cultivating, is local toward the North and South American landmasses. It first got to be known not rest of the world when European adventurers in the fifteenth and sixteenth hundreds of years saw it being utilized as a drug and as a stimulant by Native Americans. The wayfarers came back to Europe with the newly discovered plant and it rapidly was received by rich and poor alike as a medication of decision. Banned at first by rulers and popes, its financial impacts and expansive prominence constrained acknowledgment among all societies. It rapidly spread all through the acculturated world and turned into an establishment for the development of the American economy.
Tobacco is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. According to the American Lung Association in 2009, 20.6% of adults were current smokers. In 1970, the United States banned television and radio advertisements of cigarettes. Across the world countries battle similar issues in how to help prevent deaths, lower healthcare costs, and educate the population. Countries have banned advertising, posted health causes, renamed brands, and even included informational fliers in packs of cigarettes. In 2001, The Government of India decided to ban the advertising of cigarettes. This ban was created to help the youth of India and hoped to reduce the amount of future smokers. The proposal of this restriction caused debates between the government, advertising companies, and tobacco manufacturers. The supporting and dismantling arguments for these ethical and commercial causes of the ban have enabled the government to make their final decision.
“Loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs.” says King James of England and Scotland, describing smoking in 1604 (Connolly 13). Tobacco use kills millions of people a year but still only has few legal restrictions. Many argue that the use of tobacco is a right we have in the United States but the harm that it does to the innocent may outweigh those rights. Because the use of tobacco negatively impacts the health of both the users and those around them, all tobacco products and their use should be illegal.
Cigarette consumption emerged in the United States when the government distributed free cigarettes to soldiers in both world wars, promoting cigarette smoking to entire generations. Advertising and Hollywood movies further associated smoking with glamour and sophistication. Cigarette smoking grew steadily: by 1963, Americans 18 and over were smoking an average of 12 cigarettes a day (Smoking Bans). Today, each year, 53,800 people die from secondhand smoke exposure. Since then, public smoking bans have been set to prevent the hazardous effects. A smoking ban is a public policy that includes criminal laws and health regulations that prohibit smoking in certain public places and workspaces. Since public smoking can cause detrimental health effects to others, it should be banned.
In the United States today, more than forty six million Americans are addicted to cigarettes. More people have died due to cigarette smoking than from narcotic drugs, World Wars I and II, and the Vietnam War combined (Bailey 1). The annual death toll for cigarette smoking is more than four-hundred thousand Americans a year, and is the number-one preventable cause of death in the United States. If Americans are aware of the lethal effects of smoking, why is it still so popular? Guy Smith, a Phillip Morris Tobacco Company executive, claims that their research shows that advertising is the top reason people start smoking (Bailey 34). Most people will argue that this is not true because the do not like to be “sold” and
A cigarettes main ingredient is tobacco. Tobacco was found in Mayan Indian’s carvings showing tobacco use. The drawings were found somewhere between 600 to 900 A.D. Tobacco was smoked out of pipes or rolled up into leaves. “Two main types of tobacco are involved in early history. The tobacco used by North American natives that the English first smoked was a somewhat dreadful variety nicknamed “shoestring” by colonists. Tobacco is a very adaptable plant that can be grown anywhere and morphs into something different in just a few generations based on weather and soil. Bad conditions = bad tobacco that is commercially worthless.” (Elliot). Tobacco has been around for centuries in many regional varieties. Native Americans introduced smoking tobacco to the English colonists in the early 17th century. Tobacco was very known in the past, there were different types. Some types smoked out of pipes, some rolled into leaves, and some rolled into cigar paper. There are many different types of tobacco, it depends on were it is grown. Tobacco was mainly used by Native Americans, Spaniards, the Dutch, and the Portuguese.
It is crucial that tobacco usage in the United States ends because tobacco not only negatively affects the user, but also the people indirectly exposed, and as a result, the economy. Tobacco appears to be very profitable as a consumable product to the nation because of its wide usage, but the costs needed to cover medical charges overshadow the profit. Tobacco usage also demands a high price of human lives. Both the farming and waste of tobacco products damage the environment. The ceasing of American tobacco use will positively affect the country by creating a safer environment, reducing tobacco related deaths and illnesses, and providing cleaner communities.
Young people may start to be curious about smoking at some point in time in their life. They might like the idea of doing something dangerous or something that makes them look like an adult. Young people do not know that smoking and tobacco use can cause cancer and heart disease. They do not look into the future to worry about the consequences. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States (Persoskie, Donaldson, & King, 2016). In this cohort study, there was a research if there was an interest about or ever-utilization of tobacco items among the US middle and high school students changed from 2012 to 2014. The research data came from the 2012 and 2014 National Youth Tobacco Surveys of US students in grades 6 through 12 (Persoskie, Donaldson, & King, 2016). 2014 data of students who used cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes were classified as ever-users or never-users of each product. The never-users were questioned about their curiosity about each product if they had been definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not been curious about using the products.
Smoking is the leading cause of death in the U.S. each year. Smoking is more dangerous than most people expect. Smoking can lead to health problems for the consumer, can cause health problems to nonsmokers, and it can lead to drug use.
According to world health organization (2014) More than 80% of smokers billion people's globally live in low-income and middle-income countries, where the burden of illness caused by tobacco peak, tobacco caused 100 million deaths in the twentieth century. If they are not combat tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million deaths by 2030 and will happen more than 80% of those deaths are in low- and middle-income countries. The largest country that consumes and produces cigarette in the world is China. According to tobacco Atlas (Michael Eriksen, 2002) Smoking is harmful to a large extent as long as tobacco deaths of nearly 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century, and that the number is higher than the number who
Cigarette smoking kills more than 480,000 Americans each year, with more than 41,000 of those deaths coming from secondhand smoke. Despite those daunting numbers, children below the age of 18 are continuing to smoke cigarettes.
Drug abuse, whether alcohol, tobacco, prescription or illicit, continues to burden society, economics, medical care systems, and the family dynamic. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that globally 185 million people are illicit drug users and an astounding 1.3 billion individuals are smokers.1 Smoking related deaths, estimated at nearly 5 million worldwide, continue to be the leading preventable cause of death. Additionally, in the United States alone, $167 billion in annual health-related economic loss can be attributed to smoking.2 Although there are roughly only 200,000 deaths reported to be directly associated with illicit drug use, the detriment to family and society, and the economic costs associated with crime, law enforcement,
Logistic regression is one of the widely used tool in fields such as bio-medical research, medical, epidemiology, social sciences, engineering, ecology, psychology and marketing. For instance logistic regression can be used to