Day 1: Isolation of Whey The isolation of milk whey began with 10 mL of nonfat milk which had been centrifuged at 16,000 x g for 45 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge. The top layer***. 10 mL of the nonfat milk were then pipetted into a small glass beaker. The pH of the nonfat milk was slowly adjusted from a pH of 6.60 to a pH of 4.60 through the dropwise addition of 0.5 M and 0.05 M HCl. The coagulated solution was heated to approximately 40°C for 30 minutes while being constantly stirred.
While the solution was being heated, 100 mL of elution buffer was made using 0.02 M Tris, 0.5 M NaCl, and 0.02 M imidazole with a final pH of 7.0. 100 mL of binding buffer and 100 mL of stripping buffer were obtained as well. The binding buffer had
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The previous wash and collection of fractions was done again using the elution buffer. All 10 fractions collected were analyzed using UV spectra at 280 nm using the *** as the blank.
Day 3: Protein Characterization Using SDS-PAGE Gel Electrophoresis and BCA Assay A crude whey sample and a purified *-lactalbumin sample were prepared for SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis by mixing 20 µL of each sample with µL of the reducing gel buffer in Eppendorf tubes. These two samples were then boiled for 5 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature. A precast gel was inserted into the gel running apparatus and the comb was removed. Consequently, a 10x stock solution of tank buffer was diluted tenfold and added to middle of the chamber until it covered the gel. Then, * µL of crude whey sample was added to well 10 and the purified sample was pipetted into well 4. A standard MW ladder was loaded into well 1 of the gel. The remaining buffer was poured into the bottom the tank. The top was placed and the gel was then run at a constant 150 V for ***. After running the gel, it was removed from the apparatus and was rinsed several times with water. To fix the gel, it was rocked in a container with 50 mL of water and 1 mL of glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes. The glutaraldehyde mixture was decanted and enough gel code stain to cover the gel was added to the container. The container was
The results for Benedict’s test for reducing sugars before hydrolysis, the control dH2O had no color change, as well as sucrose and raffinose. Gelatin became a dark blue and egg albumin a light greyish blue. Glucose yielded a dark orange, milk albumin turned orange, and starch had a yellow precipitate. In the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars by hot acid hydrolysis, the control dH2O was blue or no reaction. Glucose turned a brownish-orange; sucrose, a reddish-brown, raffinose, light pink; starch, a dark yellowish-orange; gelatin, violet; milk powder, a light yellow; and egg albumin, a greyish-violet. In the Lugol’s test for polysaccharides, the control dH2O turned yellow or no reaction, as well as glucose, sucrose, raffinose, milk powder and albumin. Starch was clear with blue-violet on the bottom (precipitate) and gelatin turned a slightly opaque white. In the test for polysaccharides remaining after hydrolysis with Lugol’s solution the control dH2O was yellow or no reaction. Glucose, sucrose, raffinose, starch and gelatin also had no reaction. Milk powder had a white precipitate and particle suspension. Egg albumin had an even greater white precipitate and particle suspension. In Biuret’s test for proteins there was no reaction for dH2O, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and starch. Gelatin, milk powder and egg albumin all turned slightly violet with bubbles.
Experiment 55 consists of devising a separation and purification scheme for a three component mixture. The overall objective is to isolate in pure form two of the three compounds. This was done using extraction, solubility, crystallization and vacuum filtration. The experiment was carried out two times, both of which were successful.
Protein Assay: The Pierce BCA Protein Assay (Thermo Scientific) is a detergent-compatible formulation based on bicinchoninic acid (BCA) for the colorimetric detection and quantitation of total protein concentration. A series of standard solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ranging from 0-2000 µg/ml was prepared from a stock solution of 2 mg/ml BSA. 25ul of diluted crude (1:500, 1:250), desalted (1:100, 1:50), and 6 peak fractions from cibarcon blue column (1:10, 1:5) were loaded in microplate along with 175ul of BCA working reagent. Microplate was incubated for 30min at 370C and then the absorbance was measured at 562nm.
Figure 1 contains gel electrophoresis for protein samples. The lanes were labeled from 1 to 10 from the right to the left. Lane 1 contained the ladder fragment. Lane 2 contained the filtrate. Lane 3 contained the S1 sample. Lane 4 contained the P1 sample. Lane 5 contained the P1 medium salt sample. Lane 6 contained the P1 high salt sample. Lane 7 contained the S2 sample. Lane 8 contained the P2 sample. Lane 9 contained the P2 medium salt sample. Lane 10 contained the P2 high salt sample.
We placed the gel into the running chamber, and then we completely covered the gel with TAE. 3 microliters of loading dye was added to each tube; this would help distinguish the enzyme from the gel. As before, we tapped the tube on the table to mix. Then we carefully added each of the four samples into their own wells. A total of 33 microliters of each sample was poured into each well. Afterwards, we attached the positive and negative electrodes to their corresponding terminals on the power supply and gel box. We turned on the power to around 80 volts and waited 45-60 minutes for the loading dye to move down the gel approximately 6-8 cm. Finally, we were able to visualize the DNA in the gel and write down the
After dissolving benzoic acid in 1.0mL CH2Cl2 and 1.0mL 10% NaHCO3 solution, two layers are created, the top layer is 10% NaHCO3 solution and the bottom is CH2Cl2.
Apparatus: Spectrophotometer (UV-1201), cuvettes, water bath (set at 37°C), 200µl and 1000µl micropipettes and test tube
The main purpose of this lab is to identify and separate the main components of milk. To do this an understanding of the properties of these components in needed to separate them from one another. We will be separating the components with their polarity or non-polarity and the temperature at which specific components precipitate. To do this we will be using hot plates, gravity filters and vacuum filters1, water and ice baths, and blot drying.
As the dilution factor increased for both the raw milk (unpasteurized) and pasteurized milk samples, the number of colonies decreased. The number of cells/mL in the pasteurized milk sample is considerably less than the number of cells/mL in the raw milk sample.
The most important components of the milk must be essential targets on any market of dairy products (protein, fat, lactose, mineral salt and vitamins). The milk is a nourishing product, it possesses more than 100 substances that are already be in suspension, solution or emulsion in water. The composition of the milk depends on several factors: The race, epoch of lactation, production level. The mastitis and the adulteration modify the components of him milk.
Mother Dairy is an IS / ISO 9002, HACCP and IS 15000 IS 14001 EMS approved body. In addition, its Quality Assurance Laboratory is certified by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) -Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
The lactose concentration is usually found to be lower than that found in cow's milk, but the magnitude of the difference is hard to quantify because of the variation in methods of analysis employed. A consensus has not been developed on whether to analyze for lactose in the non-hydrated form or the mono-hydrated form, and this water of hydration is capable of introducing a five percent variation in the reported concentration of the same actual amount of lactose. Efforts are being taken to reduce this
In this experiment we will isolate protein, fat, phosphate and lactose from the milk sample and determined the percent composition for the major components of the milk.
What is in milk? Have you ever stopped to think? Growth hormones and pasteurization dramatically change milk for the worse. In milk there
Different techniques and principles for protein extraction and characterization were demonstrated in this experiment. Various proteins were extracted from different sources: 1.67 g yeast invertase, 1.03 g egg white albumin, and 5.15 g of milk casein. Activity assay for invertase was performed using Benedict’s test and the enzymes inverting action on sucrose was confirmed. Warburg-Christian Method and Bradford Assay were also employed to determine the protein concentration in the albumin and the casein samples. The concentrations for the albumin and casein samples were found to be 0.519 and 0.327 mg/mL, respectively based on Warburg-Christian Assay; and 6.5x10-3¬ and 1.9x10-2 mg/mL