The Need For Classification By Brian C. Vickery

In the article, “From Degrading to De-Grading”, by Alfie Kohn he discusses the harmful effects grades have on students. Kohn argues that there are better ways to assess students’ progress other than letter or numerical grades. Grades are a great concept but they tend to be more hurtful than helpful. Cheating can become a problem, students won’t take challenges, and they develop unhealthy competition between one another. There have been many studies conducted over the years that support Kohn’s argument.

One of these is Social categorization. Based on the name it is very self explanatory, with the social categorization there is the need to divide,

In the essay “Is Google Making Us Stupid”, Nicholas Carr expresses his beliefs and personal experiences on how the internet has altered our brains and how we think. He addresses the fact that, although our brains’ abilities to deep read and concentrate are suffering, the internet is extremely beneficial and convenient. Because of the easy accessibility, it takes little to no effort to find information, and therefore, a minimal amount of thinking is required. Carr highlights that people are more impatient because of the internet and that our minds are becoming more erratic. The author used research, conducted by a U.K. educational consortium, to show that a new form of reading is developing over time; rather than reading every word on a page, it has turned to more of a skimming method. Nicholas Carr realizes that we may be doing more reading than ever due to the internet, but it is different in the way that people have to interpret the text. Reading, unlike talking, is not a natural ability. One must learn to deep read, make connections, and translate the underlying meaning. Overall, Carr believes it is a mistake to rely fully on computers because in the end, it will just be our own intelligence that morphs into artificial intelligence.

The publication “An Implicit Technology of Generalization” shined a spot light on generalization as an active process that needs to be studied by behavior analyst in order to help validate behavior programs. The study exhibits not only the immediate effects of our procedures but the lasting change that could be achieved in multiple environments of a client’s life. It has been concluded that generalization should be programed for and not just expected to happen. Stokes and baer (1977) described generalization as” the occurrence of relevant behavior under different, non-training conditions (i.e., across subjects, settings, people, behaviors, and/or time) without the scheduling of the same events in those conditions as had been scheduled in

Towards the beginning of Carr’s essay he contradicted himself by saying, “Research that one required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes.” (371) Within the next paragraph Carr states, “The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many.” It is not Google alone, nor just the Internet that we need to worry about, it’s the technological advancement overall. Throughout history people have criticized technological advancements, but look past the endless possibilities it created. Now we are only one click away from information that we need, instead of looking at the information that we use to carry inside our heads. Frederick Taylor created a system that created the best outcome for factories but the Internet is a machine designed for the best outcome, “the perfect algorithm, to carry out every mental movement of what we’ve come to describe as knowledge work.” (375)

Classification- Writing that arranges people or items into different categories is classification; for example, organizing items based on where they belong or who they belong to.

Carr attempts to answer this question in his essay published in the New York Times, “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” by using

The web is a worldwide PC organize giving an assortment of data, permitting individuals the simplicity of gets to and productivity of finding the information they crave, however there are a few disadvantages to the web. In the article "Is Google Making Us Stupid" the writer Nicholas Carr's subject on the web is that the data that is expressed to is so efficient and effective to information that our minds don’t processes as well as retain the knowledge thrown at us. Carr contends that the web is rewiring his cerebrum. The way Carr believes is divergent, making basic considering, breaking down, and revealing verifiable dialect in the content exceptionally troublesome. He fears that the web make us lose the not just the capacity to hold the information

Have you ever judged a person by their age, gender or appearance rather than really knowing them? When you meet a tattooed man on the street, your first impression of him might be bad, i.e. a negative categorization, since tattoos are associated with criminals and unemployed people. However, he could be a person who does volunteer and works as a business manager. People tend to automatically categorize a person into groups by visual judgements, demographic features, personality and own perceptions or beliefs (Billig & Tajfel, 1973). Social categorization is a process of classifying people into different groups based on their similar characteristics and group memberships. It is a natural part of social perception and serves a basic epistemic and identity function in organizing and structuring people’s knowledge about the world and make things become manageable in daily life (Bodenhausen, Kang & Peery, 2012). It occurs spontaneously without much thoughts (Crips & Hewstone, 2007). In social categorization, we usually form a general conclusion about other people and begin to respond to them as a member of a particular social group than as individuals. It allows us to communicate and connect with those who share the same or similar group membership. Social groups that we use in social categorization can change under different situations and over time. Whaley and Link (1998) discovered that there is a strong association between categorization and stereotype-based judgments. For

Schmalleger describes the labeling theory or social reaction theory as one that sees persistent criminal behavior as a result of not, having the chances for normal conduct that follow the negative responses of society to those that have been labeled as criminals. There is an expectation of a continuous increase in crime that is a direct effect of the label that is attached. The result of negative labels creates limited chances that the behavior would change on behalf of the criminal, due in part to societies stigma placed upon them (Schmalleger, 2012, p. 186). Those theorists responsible for the labeling theory that are discussed in our readings during this weeks assignments are listed as Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin M. Lemert, Howard Becker, John Braithwaite and others. When discussion the concept labeling, one must understand some of the most early descriptions of societal reactions to deviance, this can be found in the 1938 works of Frank Tannenbaum who explained the term, tagging. Schmalleger defined tagging as the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by the agencies of justice. Within tagging Edwin M. Limert, used the terminology of primary and secondary deviance, primary being a deviant act that was undertaken to achieve some immediate issue and or problem that may have arisen in the person life and doesn’t intend for the criminal behavior to continue. Secondary deviance

Misclassification occurs when the detectives automatically mistaken someone to be guilty. This is the first of three errors made by the police when a false a confession is usually given. Generally, the likely suspects come from witnesses, those who had the chance to commit the crime, or approximate matches to witness descriptions. Another possibility is from the stereotypes associating with the perpetrator's social identity such as husbands killing their spouses, stepfathers sexually abusing their new families, gang members performing violent crimes, and many others. The police in America are falsely educated into thinking that they can distinguish between the truth and the lies.

areas. For example, regarding different levels of knowledge, the lowest level is on the bottom and the

Bloom’s taxonomy can be used in the field of psychology to solve problems. Psychology focuses on the study of the mind and human behavior, using the taxonomy will serve as a tool for understanding cognition and thinking process. As a practitioner a common goal is to help others solve problems. The taxonomy will help me as a practitioner to analyze the problem with a client or student. The use of the taxonomy will help to promote new ideas and approaches through evaluation before making final decisions when helping clients. The taxonomy can help identify the needs of the client, ways to help the client, and what methods have and has not worked for the client as a practitioner in psychology. As a graduate learner in psychology, the taxonomy

These categories are arranged on degree of difficulty, meaning that a learner, who is able to perform at the higher levels (Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation), of the taxonomy, is demonstrating a more complex level of cognitive thinking.

ACL suggested that classification and cataloguing need less emphasis than they receive now (at the end of 1950s). Regarding those two subjects one system for each