The Renaissance: Leonardo Da Vinci

The religious dilemma of their founders is one of the similarities between Lutheranism and Calvinism. According to page 381 of Jackson J. Spielvogel's’ Western Civilization Since 1300, Martin Luther “spent hours confessing his sins, but he was always doubtful. Had he remembered all of his sins? Even more, how could a hopeless sinner be acceptable to a totally just and all-powerful God? Luther threw himself into his monastic routine with a vengeance.” The predicament that Luther faced would develop his doctrine of justification that stated that Christians received righteousness from God through their faith to him. John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism, faced a crisis similar to Luther’s in 1533 “that determined the rest of his life’s work” (Spielvogel, pg. 394). Both of these religious leaders’ quandaries motivated them to challenge the Catholic Church through Luther’s 95 Theses and Calvin’s Institutes of Christian Religion that would cause a large influx of people to flock to their ideas.

The reformation was going on led by the Martin Luther, while John Calvin was born and decided upon converting to protestantism. Both argued that the Catholic Church stirred away from its original mission to help reach heaven and help the poor. Both reformers wanted to return the people onto the right path in their spiritual life. Politically, Luther and Calvin believed that the Pope must not own such power and have so much lavish, instead spend the money for the better of the society, they also believed that each state must choose their own religion. Socially, they both believed that the laypeople should be educated and have access to the bible for own interpretation and that all people are equal in the eyes of God. However, despite so many points where they held the same perspective, their views also differed politically because Luther did not want to change the political structure of

When thinking back at Reformation, Martin Luther is by far the most important and popular Reformation leaders. Looking back, Luther has done things that people might have supported and loved or there’s people who didn’t like or support him and the things he has done. His ideas and actions show are remarkable and an impact which is why so many Europeans

During the Reformation period, there were a few individuals whose ideas had a great impact on society. Two of these people are Martin Luther and Desiderius Erasmus. While they shared similar ideas about what religion should be, there were also ways in which they differed.

The Catholic Reformation began with the reaction to the Protestant Reformation and the two men who were leaders of the reform. Luther and Calvin spoke against the church about their abuses. The church tried to respond to them, but the spread of the Protestant Reformation was strong. The revolt against the church started by Martin Luther in 1517; due to his belief that the Catholics were abusing their power and creating the act of forgiveness for indulgences. Martin Luther wrote what is called the “Ninety-five Theses,” which is a list of questions and propositions for debate. Luther pinned these on the door of the Wittenberg Castle church on October 31st . John Calvin born July 10, 1509 and died May 27th, 1564 was the leading French Protestant reformer and a very important figure who also interpreted the church needing to be reformed. Calvin wrote several books to establish Protestantism. One man, who was not even a member of the clergy, started the Catholic Reformation to gain faithful members back. Ignatius Loyola born 1491-1556 was a Spanish soldier who sought to renew a religious order of Catholicism. He hoped to combine the tradition of the Renaissance with a reformed Catholicism that would appeal to all groups, political and economic.

Calvinism is a movement within orthodox Protestantism associated with the Reformer John Calvin that emphasizes the rule of God over all things. The concept of Calvinism began not with John Calvin (as it is commonly mistaken) but rather with a Reformer in Switzerland named Ulrich/Huldrych Zwingli. Zurich was well-known for urging the reformation of the Catholic Church, criticising the use of images in worship and generally attempting to spread the Reformation. Some parts of the country conformed to the change but others resisted, staunchly remaining Catholic. This resulted in a theocratic division within the nation. During this time of tense stand-off, Zwingli met Martin Luther, known as the father of the Lutheran denomination. They agreed on

immediately followed the Middle Ages era. The word Renaissance means "rebirth" or "reawakening". It was a time in which most people would call it an explosion of the arts and cultures. Numerous amounts of distinctive arts, intellectual achievements, and scientific advances were made at the time. This was an age of new discoveries of art, philosophy, architecture, and of the new world. The Renaissance is important because it teaches us the power of looking to the past for insights and inspiration, shows us the importance, as well as shaping our cultural outlook and various expressions of art such as music, writing, and painting. A big contributor to the

John Calvin was a major Contributor as a reformer in Geneva. The Protestants were scattered heavily throughout Europe, and were considered leaders of the Reformation. Calvin’s work in the writing of the Institutes would arouse many throughout Europe the opportunity to present their faith and views as a church and enabled the Protestants to have a voice. Calvin’s strength as a reformer was his brilliance to organize the Ecclesiastical Ordinances within the church that would bring structure among the elders.

The Renaissance was a rebirth of creativity, freedom, individuality, independence and self- determination. During this time period where humanism was encouraged, there were countless Renaissance men. One astounding and well recognized man was Leonardo da Vinci, he had many aptitudes and talents that portrayed him to be an astonishing artist of the Renaissance time period. Leonardo da Vinci, Influenced many during the Renaissance, due to his great art, anatomy, science literature. As demonstrated by the achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance was a time of great change.

The Renaissance was a period in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It is considered a bridge from the Middle Ages to modern history. It started in Italy, and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance represents a cultural rebirth that lead to the discovery and exploration of new continents, the growth of commerce, and various inventions and interest such as paper, printing, art, literature, etc.

The Protestant Reformation was a movement in 16th century Europe that developed many new beliefs about Christianity. Along with the man who started the Reformation, Martin Luther, John Calvin is one of the most well-known and influential theologians of this time. In his highly influential book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin lays out his main beliefs about many of the major doctrines of the Christian church. One of the biggest ideas Calvin explores in this book is the relationship between humans and God in terms of predestination. Ultimately, Calvin argues that God, as the creator of the world and an inherently righteous being, holds the power of salvation and damnation as humans act in accordance with God’s will.

The inevitable spilt of Western Christianity thus created two different and unique forms of the religion, Catholicism and Protestantism. In an effort to reform, many great individuals and perspectives stepped up in order to cast their beliefs and interpretations of the Christian Bible unto the world. Among the many individuals was French theologian John Calvin (1509-1564). This is the most unique form of Protestantism due to its dark perceptions of human nature, strict followings of the Bible, and drastic change in the religious political system.

The Renaissance was the time of renewal and art. The name Renaissance means, “rebirth or reawakening”. This ment that they made most of the art, buildings, and statues were renewed. The Renaissance was the time that art went to a whole new level. An artist named Leonardo Di Vinci made a new art technique called perspective he used it on all of his art-work. Perspective was a technique that was showing what was far away and what was close. Di Vinci made the far away objects blurry and a lot smaller then other objects, he made the closer objects bigger and look more natural.

Martin Luther (Nov. 10, 1483- Feb. 18, 1546) was ambitious, stubborn, and strongly opinionated. He isn’t just known as one of the most influential individuals in Christian History, but also as the individual that started the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by publishing his 95 Theses, criticizing the Church’s corruption and establishing two beliefs: 1) the bible was “the central religious authority” and 2) people may “reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds.” With these beliefs, he translated the Bible from Latin to German, printed the first copy in 1534, sold over 100,000 copies of the Bible in 40 years. Martin Luther’s actions helped revise the structure of religion and culture in the Western Hemisphere, influencing other countries such as Switzerland and England with the establishment of Lutheranism and Calvinism.

Although Martin Luther impacts history greatly, people must remember what role John Calvin has to offer as well. Born in France in 1509, John Calvin is raised as a Roman Catholic by his family. His family is so devoted to the Roman Catholic Church that his dad aspires for his son to become a priest (John Calvin- Calvin College 1). John Calvin later reads Luther’s works and converts to the ‘faith of the Reformation.’ He strongly believes that salvation is achieved through faith and predestination (Cowie 44). In 1537, John Calvin publishes, Institutes of the Christian Religion. In this book, John Calvin states his beliefs on Christianity. He proposes that God has been veiled by the devotion of the people to the Virgin Mary and the saints. He also insists in his book that predestination is how God determines who goes to hell and who goes to heaven. John Calvin writes, “We call predestination, God’s eternal degree, by which He determined that He willed to become of each man.