Set in the harsh patriarchal society of 1829 Iceland, Hannah Kent’s Burial Rites uses historical fiction to reimagine the life and death of Agnes Magnusdottir; a woman sentenced to death for her involvement in the murder of two men. The role of women in this oppressive society is thoroughly explored, establishing a social commentary which juxtaposes the double standards, sexual abuse and primitive gender roles of 19th century Iceland to the independence, equality and lifestyle choices for women in the 21st century.
19th century Icelandic society is depicted by Kent as an oppressive patriarchy in which women are constrained by primitive, prejudiced female gender roles and evaluated on their ability to conform to these expectations. Kent demonstrates
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This negative perception of Agnes is exacerbated by her “excellent intellect, and strong knowledge and understanding of Christianity"; the public believe that a “thinking woman can’t be trusted”. The reader can observe that both the authorities and public show a distinct lack of compassion regarding Agnes because she does not fit their traditional ideas of what women should be – they believe that “there’s no room for innocence” in intelligent women. The misogyny and bias present in this uncompassionate society is further demonstrated through Kent’s intertextual incorporation of the one dimensional historical documents which vilify Agnes. Kent uses the judgemental, evil and “powerful” character of Blöndal as a vehicle to personify the patriarchal ideologies of their society. Blöndal’s punitive, intransigent approach to authority as well as his attitude of superiority when addressing woman represents the general cold indifference of Icelandic society in which “Men may do as they please”. Furthermore, Kent’s utilisation of Agnes’ first person narrative is extremely effective and allows the …show more content…
Poverty and hardship are shown to create vulnerability in female characters, particularly the female servants, allowing powerful men to manipulate and sexually abuse them. Kent illustrates how poverty perpetuates maltreatment and abuse in a society like Burial Rites using the characters of Agnes’ mother Ingveldur and Agnes. Agnes’ mother is forced to make invidious choices as her children are “lugged along” from farm to farm, where she is sexually exploited by her employers. In spite of these circumstances, Agnes’ mother is commonly referred to as a whore in their society which abhors female promiscuity yet disregards male promiscuity as a harmless character trait; as in the case of Natan, who is merely “indiscreet” despite all his philandering. Born into poverty, Agnes experiences similar sexual coercion and manipulation from her “masters” and yet is labelled “a woman who is loose with her emotions and looser with her morals”. The severe poverty of Agnes is explicitly demonstrated to the reader by Kent through the intertextual reference of her entire belongings - a very dismal, piteous list to be “sold if a decent offer is presented”. Furthermore, Kent contrasts the situation of Agnes, a “landless workmaid raised on a porridge of moss and poverty”, to the comparative security Steina has experienced using a rhetorical question from
Gail Godwin’s short story “A sorrowful women” obtains a lot of language and imagination of fairy tales, which illustrate a picture of practically unachievable family members – in this case, a perfect husband, an ideal maid as well as an excellent child. The wife’s improbable statements resembling hate message and some emotional blackmailing is seen earlier in the story. Ironically, her hate towards everybody as well as her duty as a devoted mother and housewife become a burden to her, however, tries different roles, but, finds none of them fulfill her hole in the heart. She is acclimated to a particular part and has a hard time adapting when a broader cluster of decisions are presented to her.
Nowadays, freedom is a fundamental right for each man and woman, but it is not a perfect concept. When one’s freedom is endangered, he can do unimaginable things, especially when love is at stake or can react weirdly when he acquires it. It’s exactly what Kate Chopin, a female American author during the 19th century, did when she treated about women’s conditions in the short-story Story of an Hour in 1894, where a woman falsely learns about his husband’s death. Almost 60 years later, Roald Dahl wrote Lamb To The Slaughter, set in Great Britain, where a woman kills her husband and hide the evidences cleverly. These two short stories are not only comparative on the two female protagonists and the imagery used, but also on the main themes
The author agrees with the idea of women as victims through the characterisation of women in the short story. The women are portrayed as helpless to the torment inflicted upon them by the boy in the story. This positions readers to feel sympathy for the women but also think of the world outside the text in which women are also seen as inferior to men. “Each season provided him new ways of frightening the little girls who sat in front of him or behind him”. This statement shows that the boy’s primary target were the girls who sat next to him. This supports the tradition idea of women as the victims and compels readers to see that the women in the text are treated more or less the same as the women in the outside world. Characterisation has been used by the author to reinforce the traditional idea of women as the helpless victims.
Her story of being “bundled along from farm to farm” evokes sympathy in not just the characters in the play but also the readers of the novel. According to Kent Agnes had been at many farms throughout her life either as a foster child “left to the mercy of the paupers” or as a work maid in the house. We as the readers are positioned to feel sympathy for Agnes being moved from house to house allowing no stability in what was her very short childhood. The audience is positioned to feel a sense of outrage as Agnes is left by her mother when she was five with nothing more than a stone to “talk to the birds”. Agnes conveys to Toti that the only happy memories of her childhood was where she found a “better family” at Kornsa which is ironically where she is sent to spend her final months before her execution. The fact that Agnes “no longer loved” her biological family was symbolic of her moving past her childhood toward adulthood at a very early age. As Agnes reflects on her past she notes how she is “quite alone” which evokes sympathy in the reader who feels that she “doesn’t have a friend in the world”. Agnes tells of the traumatic ordeal she went through in losing her foster mother Inga during childbirth. After this Agnes was then fostered out again and put on her journey hopping from farm to farm. It is this unstable and very brief childhood that allows
John Erskine in Leading American Novelists says that “Roger Malvin’s Burial” is “the most powerful story, morally, of the Mosses from an Old Manse” (236). And what makes it so powerful? A very vital woman character by the name of Dorcas is key to the narrative-producing decision by Reuben to leave Roger to die alone. Dorcas is also key to the guilt preserved within the main character, Reuben, which leads to his growing into an irritable personality. Likewise she is key to the strong familial bond of love which is broken asunder by Reuben’s accidental killing of Cyrus, thus effecting a spiritual transformation or redemption of the protagonist.
Novel, “Burial Rites” by Hannah Kent adopts the mediums of a biography and a novel to convey the story of Agnes Magnusdottir, the last individual to face execution in Iceland. This stark contrast to other novels allows for a powerful novel. Based on 19th century Iceland, the encumbrances of society coerce Agnes to work in several farms to endure the “harsh” winters. Being offered a position as a housekeeper by Natan Ketilsson, she accepts this presented opportunity in elevating her position in the community. A relationship between Natan and Agnes is established and therefore when Fridrik Siggurdson intends to murder Natan however doesn’t succeed, and Natan is in agony, Agnes’s emotional vulnerability and love allows her to muster the courage
In Herland, the society is aligned along the socialist principles and lines that depict an ideal way in which the society should behave. It’s inhabitants are extremely interdependent and organized more like a family as all individuals are treated equally. Men for a long time have been regarded to be more superior to women, but this should not be the case as today many women are educated and have to manage to live comfortable life than even some of the men. The society can learn a lot from Perkins Gilman book on how the society needs to behave on how it should treat women. In Herland, women see their culture and society as human creations that are meant to serve human needs in the present thus they do not follow traditions and practices of the
According to an article submitted to the Berkeley Planning Journal, approximately 800,000 gallons of formaldehyde is buried in the United States every year. To put the amount of this hazardous chemical that Americans use to bury their people in perspective, it is enough to fill “one and a quarter Olympic-sized swimming pools each year” (Calderone). Unfortunately, this is only one of the many issues that is hurting the environment and has arised from modern burials. Because of the negative environmental effects that modern burial customs are causing, Americans should switch back to natural burials in order to decrease the impact that modern burial practices have left on Earth.
“Women participated more fully and freely in both the settling of Iceland and in its written history than in any other migration of peoples within medieval Europe. …Some Scandinavianists have argued that in Iceland Europeans had a chance to experiment with social and political organizations unencumbered by the customs of the homeland; other scholars believe, however, that the Icelanders brought with them to the new land the customs of the old, including gender relations.”
Despite being an orphan since childhood, and disregarded by society and especially by the women authority figures, Mrs. Reed, and Mrs. Scatcherd, she still found good advice from her friend’s. Helen said, “she has been unkind to you, no doubt; because you see, she dislikes your cast of character, as Miss Scatcherd does mine; but how minutely you remember all she has done and said to you! What a singularly deep impression her injustice seems to have made on your heart! Life appears to me too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering wrongs. (Ch. 6 par.
In the story of Beowulf, there are several themes that can be extrapolated from the heavy influence of Anglo-Saxon culture. However, one stands out as an important and interesting theme, which is the roles of women during the heavy comitatus bonds of men in the time of war and hate. What may be easily glossed over as subservience and serving as the shadows of the male characters in the time of Beowulf is in actuality an important facet of Anglo Saxon culture. The societal expectations of these women as well shows just how centrally significant their roles are, whether positive or negative. And it is the way these roles are defined according to the Anglo-Saxon culture that shows how varied yet important women are in the social expectations of this past society.
The role of inciter gave women access to a part of the public sphere of Viking life. On one hand, proud, strong willed women were often marked as the catalysts, and occasionally the cause, of a lot of trouble. On the other hand, women were given the role as guardians of a family’s honor and “the voice of conscience that reminds men of their duty.” One commonality that many of the Eddic females share is that they are often the cause of a blood feud or at the root of
Are women in these poems active equals of the men? Or are they passive victims of the men? The roles of the women in Beowulf, Widsith, The Saga of The Volsungs, and the Saga of King Hrolf Kraki are not always stereotyped ones of passive homemaker and childbearer and peaceweaver, but sometimes ones giving freedom of choice, range of activity, and opportunity for personal growth and development.
This fear was heightened through the use of multiple narratives in both novels, as the manifestation of these fears in different individuals could thoroughly be comprehended. For women, this fear was heightened by the patriarchal leadership of both societies. The men in these high-ranking positions exploited the power they had over the rest of their societies as the “men might do as they please”. Women especially, were impacted by this style of leadership, because “a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman”, a concept frequently revisited by Hosseini and specifically relevant in Agnes’ trial. Males in each novel had negative opinions of women, believing “[they] are not able to think like [men] can”. Thus, they were deemed the only ones suitable to hold positions of power. This was embodied by the Taliban in A Thousand Splendid Suns and Bjorn Blöndal in Burial Rites. In addition to their negative opinions of women, these men used religion to justify their actions. This was relevant for the Taliban in A Thousand Splendid Suns as they caused a major change in lifestyle in Kabul during their reign, as their rules for women made “half the population stay home and do nothing”. Hosseini’s use of intertextual quotes from actual Taliban propaganda helped to emphasise this. Although Blondal justified his execution of Agnes and many other actions with words from the Bible,
Despite the female protagonists’ dissimilitude, their fates are similarly tragic with Tess’ death on the gallows and Hedda’s suicide. Therefore, it is worth inspecting the pervasive societal forces culminating in tragedies of these two dissimilar characters. Both works were set against the literary backdrop of 1980’s Victorian era, whose social mores leached beyond the borders of England into Ibsen's Norway. Both protagonists contravene the Victorian codes of conduct thereby generating a maelstrom of moralistic criticism on the “fallen” Tess and the “unwomanly” Hedda. An examination of the aforementioned labels allows us to unpack the discourse surrounding the ideal Victorian woman.