The Transitional Change From Financial Accounting

Another challenge for companies when considering social responsibility is the possible negative perception of shareholders. Historically, publicly-owned companies had a primary focus of maximizing shareholder value. Now, they must balance the financial expectations of company owners with the social and environmental

Milton Friedman’s shareholder theory of management says that the purpose of a business is to make money for the owner or the stockholders of the business. Friedman says that there is only one social responsibility for the business: to use its resources in order to increase

Because corporations are established to profit and shareholders invest money with expectations of a greater return, managers cannot be given a directive to be “socially responsible” without providing specific criteria of checks and balances to which needs to adhere. Therefore, it is imperative to the success of a corporation for managers to not act solely but rather to act within the policies of the shareholders.

The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) accounting concept and framework was first created by John Elkington in the mid 1990’s, and has since changed the way for-profit, non-profit and government agencies measure the sustainability of their initiatives and company. The TBL framework is flexible and can be adopted and molded based on the specific needs of an organization. The framework is comprised of three parts, which are: social (People), environmental (Planet), and financial (Profit), commonly referred to as 3Ps. This framework does spark debate regarding the ethical problems behind measuring, quantifying and accounting for social and environmental variables, which is often not supported by many

cognizant of the fact that the choices he makes can affect the price a buyer pays

In 1973 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was established to set the financial accounting standards in the United States of America for nongovernmental entities. These standards are collectively called U.S. Generally accepted Accounting Principles, or U.S. GAAP. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants acknowledge the authority of these standards (FASB, n.d). A “proven, independent due process” is used to collect the viewpoints of the financial statements prepares and users for the constant improvement of these standards. An Accounting Status Update(ASU) is not an authoritative source however documents the amendments to communicate the changes in the FASB Codification for a user to understand the reason and future of those changes (FASB, n.d).

As noted in Wikipedia Oracle is headquartered in Redwood, California. It was founded in 1977 and is the world's third largest soft wear developer in sales. According to Yahoo Finance Oracle is a multi-faceted operation. Oracle provides a vast amount of services for the internet and computer. It provides cloud applications, IT consulting services, licenses middleware software which includes database and database management. It has 115,000 full time employees and is run by co-founder, CEO Larry Ellison who has been the only CEO of the company since it's inception. Also noted in Wikipedia he is the top paid CEO in the world. In 2013 Oracle

MC Wells ‘A Revolution in Accounting Thought’. The Accounting Review. V.LI. No.3. July 1976. pp471-82. The article does not have an abstract – write an abstract of no more than 400 words. A short guide to writing an abstract is provided. ----Answered by Wenxin

The accounting system we use today started in Venice in renaissance period over 520 years ago. The trade business increased hugely during this time and all the financial recordings had to be written down to help people see how their business is doing. During that time in 1494 the first book about was published in accounting by Luca Paciolli and was called “The Collected Knowledge of Arithmetic, Geometry, Proportion and Proportionality”. He was called “The father of Accounting” and most of his described principles have been used up until this day.

This paper will analyze these views as they apply to the discloser of segment information for public entities as required by topic 280 of the FASB accounting standards codification, and discussed in Statement of Financial Standards No. 131 (“SFAS 131). The paper is structured as follows: Section II provides an overview of the objective and general purpose of financial reporting and the qualitative characteristics off useful financial information as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), section III introduces the concept of segment reporting and outlines the requirements for disclosures of segment information for public companies, section IV evaluates the relevance of

To be ethic, to be responsible to the society should be the new role of accounting in society. That’s the reason critical perspective accounting have been put forward. It is a theory that questions prevailing social order and how accounting practices actually contribute to inequities. One breach of it is to provide a sustainability report or tribe bottom line that report the social, environment and economic.

Financial accounting provides information as a whole in terms of income, expenses, assets and liabilities. It does not provide detail of the cost involved by department, processes, products services or other unit of activity within the organization.

The Burns and Scapens framework for analyzing managerial accounting change was built on the study of old institutional economics, which sees "economics as a process of social provision, subject to multiple and cumulative causation." This view culminates in a model that argues that the managerial accounting practices at institutions are subject to a process of constant change, influenced by routines and rules. The institutions contribute to these routines and rules, but so do actions on the part of managers within the institutions. By combining multiple influences over time, we arrive at modern managerial accounting practice. In other words, Burns and Scapens tells us that managerial accounting practice changes over time, influenced by a number of factors including rules, routines and actions.

A cross-sectional analysis indicates that the share price response is mainly a function of the relative fine imposed on the firm; other explanatory variables such as environmental performance news or sector membership were unsuccessful in explaining variations in the market responses they observed. Equally, Accounting Forum has been interested in the interdependencies between social and environmental accounting which extend to the nexus between accounting and information to employees and other relevant parties. In this issue of Accounting Forum, R. G. Day presents evidence concerning the evolution of reporting about employees in the last century and its relationship with mandatory disclosure rules (Day, 2004). This is an interesting phenomenon, given that the current conceptual framework for corporate environmental reporting has only recently begun to analyse the relationship between voluntary and regulated disclosure. For example, accounting research is only just beginning to examine the relationships between the role that International Standards such as ISO 14001 have had on the reporting function. In Day’s article, however, he focuses on evidence from the UK and finds that there is an apparent disregard for statutory disclosures. Implicit in much of the Corporate Environmental and Social Reporting (CE&SR) literature is the supposition

The harmful effects and environmental problems resulting from impact of economic growth have increased concerns of environmentalists, shareholders, governmental bodies and society about environmental issues. Pressures from a variety of sources have come to bear on the companies to accept responsibility for impacts on society from business activities (Hackston and Milne, 1996). Companies are being urged to become accountable to a wider audience than shareholder and creditor groups (Hackston and Milne, 1996). Financial objectives are no longer the only important variables to firms; in addition to the owners’ economic aims, the interests of employees, customers and the public at large have increasingly been recognized over the years (Kolk, 1999). As indicated by Kolk (1999), the notion of “stakeholders” has emerged to complement the concept of “shareholders”. Due to these developments, companies have been attempting to seriously take into account their environmental and social impacts and to provide information about their environmental performance (Unerman et al., 2014; Dixon et al., 2005; Monteiro & Guzmán, 2010). Many companies have developed environmental management systems and increasingly adopted environmental reporting within the annual report (Deegan and Gordon, 1996; Gray et al., 1995a; Guthrie and Parker, 1990).