The Treaty Of The Nuclear Weapons

Two main theorists of international relations, Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan have been debating on the issue of nuclear weapons and the proliferation of nuclear weapons in the 21st century. In their book The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: An Enduring Debate, they both discuss their various theories, assumptions and beliefs on nuclear proliferation and nuclear weapons. To examine why states would want to attain/develop a nuclear weapon and if increasing nuclear states is a good or bad thing. In my paper, I will discuss both of their theories and use a case study to illustrate which theory I agree with and then come up with possible solutions of preventing a nuclear war from occurring.

Since the invention of nuclear weapons, they have presented the world with a significant danger, one that was shown in reality during the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. However, nuclear weapons have not only served in combat, but they have also played a role in keeping the world peaceful by the concept of deterrence. The usage of nuclear weapons would lead to mutual destruction and during the Cold War, nuclear weapons were necessary to maintain international security, as a means of deterrence. However, by the end of the Cold War, reliance on nuclear weapons for maintaining peace became increasingly difficult and less effective (Shultz, et. al, 2007). The development of technology has also provided increasing opportunities for states

Obama and Biden will always maintain a strong deterrent as long as nuclear weapons exist. But they will take several steps down the long road toward eliminating nuclear weapons. They will stop the development of new nuclear weapons; work with Russia to take U.S. and Russian ballistic missiles off hair trigger alert; seek dramatic reductions in U.S. and Russian stockpiles of nuclear weapons and material; and set a goal to expand the U.S.-Russian ban on intermediate-range missiles so that the agreement is

Ronald Reagan spoke these words in office and not for the fact that he was in office, but for the fact that these words are true do I agree with him. We used our nuclear weapons once, merely one time, saw the cause and effect, yet we keep them in our possession to potentially attack again. We not need these weapons laying around, but to be dismantled and done away with entirely, which is why I affirm the resolution that states:

After World War II, tensions reached a new high in the United States. The American people experienced Cold War fears, which changed the way they lived, and acted politically. The U.S. was at ends with the Soviet Union, and this tension manifested itself into the population through the fear of nuclear missiles, and communism, and thanks to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and his administration, many of these fears were resolved, or at least minimized.

Taking this into consideration, dealing with external activities of a state, international law has extensive latitude. In Article 38 (1) of the Statue of the International Court of Justice, the following sources of international law are acknowledged: (a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States; (b) international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; (c) the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; (d) ... judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law (36). Sources having a technical meaning related to the law making process and must not be confused with information sources, research sources or bibliographies on international law (35). Rules expressed and recognized by consenting states are referred to as treaties and/or conventions. Treaties are codified agreements established by consenting states as means of resolving a dispute or to recognize mutual interests. Since treaties are codified, they are favored over customary law; therefore, becoming a vital part of building a more stable foundation for international law. States are required to meet their international obligations as well as formulate efforts to

The Cold War was one of the longest, cease fire wars in United States history. It contained many events for many countries, and had many positives, but also quite a few negatives. Although there was plenty of peacefulness in the war, many lives were still lost. Also, many countries were involved, and it is considered to be the unrecognized World War III by some. While researching, I hope to discover at what event did Russia decide to unite with China and parts of Germany to try and overtake France, the United Kingdom, and The United States by identifying actions from each country that might signify a pact.

Amid the Cold War, the danger of atomic weapons put the destiny of millions in the hands of a couple of individuals. Be that as it may, reacting to today 's difficulties, the dangers of terrorism and normal debacles requires the wide engagement of common society. The terrorists ' picked battlegrounds are liable to be possessed by regular folks, not warriors. What 's more, more than the loss of honest lives is in question: an atmosphere of apprehension and a feeling of feebleness despite misfortune are undermining confidence in American goals and powering political demagoguery (van Rensburg, Pearson & Meyer, 2015). Maintaining the United States ' worldwide administration and financial aggressiveness eventually relies on upon reinforcing the

Today, it is known everywhere that if a nuclear war is waged, it could mean the destruction of our world as we know it. Nuclear weapons were used to end World War II, and they could very well be used if WWIII occurred, it may end also using nuclear weapons, which could destroy us. Albert Einstein once said, “I know not what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones” (“I know not…”Einstein, Albert). Einstein was implying that WWIII would set humanity to the Stone Age. Our country and the rest of the countries with nuclear weapons need to get rid of them before one of us start a war.

As time has passed since the end of WWII, several nations have shown that they no longer need to keep their nuclear arsenals, and they can still be secure on a foreign and domestic level without them. These countries that deactivate their stockpiles are only going to help make the world a more safe and more secure place to live in, without the threat of a global nuclear war. With the establishment of organizations such as NATO and the UN, the threat of global nuclear war has diminished. These organizations can find alternative ways to deal with severe

The cold war was a period of struggle and conflict between the superpower the USA and the USSR between the end of WW2 in 1945-1991. Both the superpower saw a threat form each other to its continue of survival and adopted strategies to preserve their position. The superpower divided Europe into two: Eastern Europe which is leaded by the communist USSR, while there was democratic which is leaded by the USA in the Western Europe.

In July of 1963 President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (J.F.K.) went on television and addressed the American public on the Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (L.N.T.B.T) to personally deliver the update on international affairs and to ask for the public's support of the treaty because their opinion would affect the votes of elected officials who would sign it into law or knock it down when it went Congress. In his address to the American people, President Kennedy made an appeal to his fellow citizens for the sake of the L.N.T.B.T. and their own future.

Nuclear disarmament is about disarming the nuclear bombs around the world. The Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) restricts countries to make a nuclear bomb. Also, the pact was called to order at the dedication in 1968; was legalized in 1970 and on May 11, 1995, the treaty carried on frequently. However, being dependent on the pact, there are five nuclear weapon states (NWS) that are exempt from the NPT, such as France, China, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries tested the atomic bomb before the pact was called to order at signature in 1968. The United States tested the first atomic bomb on July 1945 and dropped two nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Russia tested nuclear bombs in 1949 adopted by the United Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960, and China in 1964. The five countries agreed to the (NPT) in 1968 and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) in 1996. However, India, Israel, and Pakistan didn’t sign the NPT; Iran, Libya, and Syria were alleged to possess a nuclear bomb. Also, North Korea came out of the NPT in 2003 and deployed nuclear bombs in 2006, 2009, 2013 and 2016. Subsequently in the cold war, about 14, 900 nuclear bombs still remain in the eight countries such as China, France, Israel, India, Pakistan, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States and close to 4,000 of that nuclear bombs were accustomed. The United States used approximately 1,650, Russia approximately 1,950, the United Kingdom approximately 120, and France approximately 280 nuclear bombs. The United States has roughly 2,200. Russia has approximately 2,350, and France has around 10 retired bombs. The United States has approximately 4,000, Russia has approximately 4,300, France has approximately, China has approximately 270, the United Kingdom has approximately 95, Israel has approximately 80, Pakistan has roughly has 120-130, and India has approximately 110-120 reserve nuclear bombs. The overall United States has approximately 6,800, Russia has approximately 7,000, France has approximately 300, China has approximately 270, the United Kingdom has approximately 215, Israel has approximately 80, Pakistan has approximately has 120-130, and India has

The Cold War is over and some people believe that we do not need nuclear deterrence anymore. The U.S.S.R has fallen and Russia poses little threat to launch a nuclear attack on the United States. Because of this, Russia and the United States have begun disarming their nuclear weapons. The United States has reduced its nuclear stockpile of warheads from 31,265 in 1965 to about 10,455 in 2002, enough to use for deterrence ("Table of . . . "). This disarming agreement is only between these two countries and they will continue to keep a minimum number of these nuclear warheads to deter other countries. They realize that they are not a threat to each other,

The previously accepted nature of war stemmed from the Clausewitzian trinity: war is emotional, an experience wrought with passion, violence, and enmity; uncertainty, chance, and friction pervade the medium of war; however, because war is not an end in itself, and because, as a means, it is subordinate to its political aims, war must be subject to reason (Clausewitz, 89). With the first employment of nuclear weapons, however, strategists and military theorists began to question Clausewitz’s foundational ideas (Winkler, 58). Similarly, Allan Winkler, in agreeing with Bernard Brodie’s thesis, opines that the advent of nuclear weapons fundamentally changed the nature of war. Winkler’s assertion stems from his argument that such a nuclear duel would yield a post-war environment incapable of recovery for any parties involved (62). He further describes Brodie’s realization that “[t]he atomic bomb is not just another and more destructive weapon to be added to an already long list. It is something which threatens to make the rest of the list relatively unimportant.” (62) Ultimately, Winkler abridges Brodie’s assessment in stating that “the United States was caught in the paradox of having to prepare for a war it did not plan to fight.” (63)