The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

This essay examines the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, wherein for 40 years (1932-1972) hundreds of black men suffering from advanced syphilis were studied but not treated. The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards; primarily because researchers knowingly failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of penicillin as an effective cure for the disease they were studying. To explore the role of the racism in the controversial study, this essay analyzes the article written by Allan M. Brandt.

The book, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, by James H. Jones, was one of the most influential books in today’s society. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment study began in 1932 and was terminated in 1972. This book reflects the history of African Americans in the mistrust of the health care system. According to Colin A. Palmer, “James H. Jones disturbing, but enlightening Bad Blood details an appalling instance of scientific deception. This dispassionate book discusses the Tuskegee experiment, when a group of physicians used poor black men as the subjects in a study of the effects of untreated syphilis on the human body”(1982, p. 229). In addition, the author mentioned several indications of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotype toward this population. Also, this book provides multiple incidents of the maltreatment of human beings. The reader is able to identify the incompetence of the helping professions and violation of human rights, ethical issues, and dehumanize African Americans.

None of the men knew that the “bad blood” which coursed through their veins was contagious. None understood how the disease was transmitted; no one explained to them that congenital syphilis was passed on from female to fetus. It was an experiment based on deception, a characteristic that it retained for the next forty years. Through a historical analysis of the experiment several questions arise, particularly the issues of the men’s participation in the experiment and the black professionals who witnessed the study. Why did these Black men take part in this study? Why did the Black health professionals not challenge the study? The answers to these questions are interconnected and lies captive in a term Jones calls racial medicine (Jones 15).

Whilst deception played a huge role in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, many are aware that deception compromises the integrity of research study. Malicious violations of human rights have transpired throughout American history titles under the name research. Under those past circumstances, there have been some discoveries that helped propel mankind’s survival and advanced knowledge. These discoveries do not validate the cruelties that unprivileged people like African Americans endured. Overall, it should be mandatory for research studies to be ethical and not undermine the values and dignity of humanity.

It's been about 45 years since the tragic Tuskegee Syphilis study ended. The tuskegee syphilis study consisted of 600 diseased African American men that were poked and prodded for the “good of the African American community,” little did they know that their freedom was slowly being taken away. The government and researchers used these helpless men as experiments without the man's consent. First I will give details about the background of this study, secondly, I will explain both arguments and my position, and finally the impact is has now in society.

A statement in an unsigned article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, gives the prejudicial idea: “‘Virtue in the Negro race is like angels’ visits—few and far between”’ (Brandt 21). Nearly seventy years after Lincoln abolished slavery in the United States, racism and prejudice still flowed through the veins of many Americans and their views corrupted medical research studies with bribery, prejudice, and flagrant disregard for ethics, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis case in 1932. This blatant disrespect for African-American life left only seventy-four men alive of the three hundred and ninety-nine men who participated in the study. These men were chosen as

Hidden within the anger and anguish of those who decry the experiment is a plea for government authorities and medical officials to hear the fears of people whose faith has been damaged, to deal with their concerns directly, and to acknowledge the link between public health and community trust. Government Authorities and medical officials must strive to cleanse medicine of social infection by eliminating any type of racial or moral stereotypes of people or their illnesses. They must seek to build a health system that will make adequate health care available to all Americans. Anything less will leave some groups at risk, as it did the subjects of the Tuskegee Study” (Jones, pg.

A majority of the men’s lives was filled with suffering from infection to actual death. Along with the suffering, the doctors abused their power by lying; they attempted to ensure the trust of the African American men in order to perform the tests. In many cases, the doctors explained to the men that they were receiving treatment for syphilis, when they ultimately were not. These studies occupied the lives of not only the doctors, but the men too. Because of the misconceptions lead by the physicians, African Americans have always held a grudge, even to this day, against whites.

Have you ever wondered where a doctor’s method came from? Or so much to even, think who came up with the original idea? America has an interesting medical history, or as I like to call them experiments. Some of those experiments were a positive asset to the history, but others were horrifying. One of those horrifying events would be Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. James H. Jones, the author of “Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment”, covered a book on the historical event. The study was for how the African American male is affected by untreated syphilis. But through the evolvement of the experiment, it became about the neurological aspect. It also depicts the American Government for its untrustworthiness in the health care world.

This can be seen from the infamous shortcomings of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Between 1932 to 1972, researchers from the study conducted an experiment on African American men by assuring 399 of them free treatment for bad blood, or syphilis, and simple incentives in exchange for their research that brought up a bioethical dilemma. According to the journal article “Lest We Forget: The Tuskegee Experiment,” “[p]enicillin was the standard treatment” but “participants in the Tuskegee Study were denied access to it” (Walker 5). Instead of providing the proper treatment, placebo drugs were substituted, which failed to treat their disease. Unaware of the mistreatment, “An Overview of Research Ethics and Learning from the past” found that “325 men who died, 28 had died of syphilis, 100 died of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected and 19 of their children were born with congenital syphilis” (Hardicre 484).

There are a multitude of constituents that could be modified to make these unprincipled studies ethical for subjects. The Tuskegee syphilis study was an unscrupulous experiment that illustrated the significance of morality in human experimentations. A noteworthy alteration that would be made is guaranteeing that every participant in experiments are given a full assessment of the dangers that can arise from the experiment. Consent was an element that was fundamentally nonexistent in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, resulting in the study being expressively immoral. In addition, a momentous ethical and legal issue involved in the Tuskegee study were the counterfeited information given to the subjects and the community. David Smolin, the author of the “Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Social Change, and the Future

The book BAD BLOOD: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT by James H. Jones was a very powerful compilation of years of astounding research, numerous interviews, and some very interesting positions on the ethical and moral issues associated with the study of human beings under the Public Health Service (PHS). "The Tuskegee study had nothing to do with treatment … it was a nontherapeutic experiment, aimed at compiling data on the effects of the spontaneous evolution of syphilis in black males" (Jones pg. 2). Jones is very opinionated throughout the book; however, he carefully documents the foundation of those opinions with quotes from letters and medical journals.

After the emancipation of Black slaves, the practice of exploiting Black people for medical experimentation continued. One such instance of this is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments of 1932; which is often cited as a pivotal point that entrenched Black people’s distrust of medical institution (Gamble, 1997). During the Tuskegee study, Black American male patients were subjected to experiments to ascertain the proper treatment for syphilis, by U.S. government-funded medical professionals (Rusert, 2009). From this study, penicillin emerged as an effective treatment for syphilis, but this treatment was withheld from many Black American patients, and many were falsely informed that they suffered from “bad blood” rather than syphilis (Rusert, 2009). This resulted in many unwitting patients dying from complications related to the disease, and infecting others.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical prospective study based on the differences between white and black males that began in the 1930’s. This study involved the mistreatment of black males and their families in an experimental study of the effects of untreated syphilis. With very little knowledge of the study or the disease by participants, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can be seen as one of the worst forms of injustices in the United States history. Even though one could argue that the study was originally intended to be for good use, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was immoral and racist because only poor, uneducated black males were used in experiment, the participants were not properly informed of their participation in the

The issues that were involved in the violation of the ethical principles involving human subjects include racism, paternalism, informed consent, truth telling, scientism, and whistle blowing. There were other issues that were involved in this study: double standards, maleficence, and the use of deception in research among others. The issue of racism was seen clearly in this study. Four hundred black persons were infected and two hundred served as a control group. Caucasians were not enrolled in this study. This was a violation of justice because the subjects were not treated