The ethics behind the “Ulysses Contract” has been a controversy for centuries. The idea of giving consent for a future self, who is less capable of making a correct decision, is apparent in both literature and in medicine. While the “Ulysses Contract” is prevalent across our society many still debate whether an initial consent is more important than a rash decision made under influence. Although it is debated heavily, a decision made with a free and calm mind should be irrevocable compare to a rash decision.
The term “Ulysses Contract” derives from Homer’s epic “ The Odyssey”. Its name originates from Ulysses (Odysseus in Greek) and his encounter with the Sirens. When Odysseus and his crew were journeying home, the witch, Kirke, prophesied
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J.S is a 24-year-old male schizophrenic who has been taking antipsychotic medication for years and his disease progressed to a point where he was diagnosed with tardive dyskinesia from neuroleptic medication. When he was place under a less powerful drug he went under an episode of psychiatric illness as he was “squatting in the corner of his room, smearing feces, spitting on himself, refusing to eat, and burning himself with matches”. This force him and his therapist to consider experimental programs and signed consent forms for treatment with experimental drugs. However, when J.S went on the experimental medication he regressed back into his condition and refused drugs. At first, the researchers thought the Ulysses contract was binding but later, with legal counsel, they back down and stopped J.S’s medication. At the time, PADs had little legal standing (they weren’t officially legalized until 1991) so J.S’ decision, while he was mentally unstable, revoked his initial decision.
There are many similarities and differences between J.S’ scenario and Odysseus’. In Odysseus’ case, he was certain that the Sirens will bring death if his crew did not listen to his decision. In J.S’ scenario, however, he was given experimental drugs that neither the researcher nor J.S could foresee the consequences. Both Odysseus and J.S made decisions are made with their best-interest in mind to save themselves from having to make a
This poem therefore includes the use of dramatic irony, meaning that the words of the Sirens had a different intent than what is clearly seen, which is known by the reader, but not Odysseus. The Sirens ask Odysseus to “Help [them]!”, which makes him feel like a hero (Atwood, 22). The reader knows that the Sirens only want to kill him, by flattering him first. Although Odysseus knew about the Sirens, at the time, he ignored the knowledge that they only wanted to make him crash and kill himself. This shows that the Sirens’ words were so strong that they could influence him in that way without Odysseus noticing. He is so engulfed into the praise of the Sirens, that he almost lost sight of his goal once again. Next, the author uses repetition of the Sirens, telling Odysseus that “only [he] can” help them (Atwood, 23). This continued the Sirens’ deep adulation in order to tempt him. This repeated use emphasizes the Sirens’ knowledge that his weakness was his pride and arrogance. They knew that the best way to get to him was through his egotism, which only hurt him in the long run.
The Sirens got to Odysseus “personally, and collectively” by tending to his hubris (Seger 251). This made Odysseus unsure of his future leaving him to overcome the powerful voices at his weakest moments. The challenge is required for Odysseus to grow from his past self. The Sirens use “assertion” to drag the hero mentally leaves him craving change (Leeming 153). The luring voices cause Odysseus to have to overcome his craving and fight harder, revealing his weakness.
Scott Starson, a brilliant physicist has been in and out of mental institutions due to his bipolar disorder. He was lastly admitted again after he made death threats to his roommates and was found not criminally responsible for that offense. His physicians suggested different sorts of treatment for his illness. Scott Starson refused to give consent to the treatment for reason that he had a scientific research to finish and he didn’t want the medications to slow him down. His physicians not finding him competent enough to critically make that kind of decision, brought the case
Odysseus was very good at covering up his true identity and feelings when he needs to get information that will help him home. Hermes gave Odysseus the advice to visit Circe, for Circe could give Odysseus a major clue on how to get home. Without the help of Hermes, Odysseus would not have made it to Circe in order to get the information on the monsters of the sea, which he needed to pass through to get home. Circe told Odysseus how to defeat Scylla, Charybdis, and the Sirens. The Sirens were quite beautiful on the outside, but deadly on the inside. Sirens sang a song of forgetfulness, those who heard their song forgot about their values and what was most important to them. The Sirens sang a song that lured sailors to their deaths. Odysseus had already lost many men and could not have afforded to loose anymore. Circe gave valuable advice to Odysseus on how to get through the Sirens unharmed. Odysseus took Circe’s advice and had given all the men wax so they would not hear the alluring song. Odysseus, however, had his men tie him up so he could hear the song of the Sirens. I believe the reason for this is due to the fact that he misses his family so much. Odysseus needed time to forget about his family, so he could face what was ahead with a clear mind. The fact that Odysseus needed to hear the sirens is proof that he wants to hear the siren song to help him
According to sense two, legal or institutional effectiveness takes precedence. In other words, a subject’s consent is limited to the scope of the rules of the institution. Faden and Beauchamp illustrate that even if a patient autonomously gives her consent, it does not follow that effective consent is given if the requirements of the institution are not met. Consequently, the authors propose that sense one and sense two should both contribute in defining informed consent. Using Jay Katz’s argument, Faden and Beauchamp argue that sense two should satisfy sense one for there to be some type of balance between the two.
When Odysseus is about to go past the island of sirens, and the sirens are singing a song trying to lure the men into their lair. And Odysseus has his men put wax in their ears so they can’t hear the song and they can focus on rowing the boat past them, while Odysseus has his men tie him up to the sail of the boat and make sure he can’t get loose. While he is tied up he listens to the sirens song so he becomes immune to their song. When the sirens are singing Odysseus shows restraint by not making his men turn the ship around and go to the sirens
The court held that the expert medical witness testimony regarding the Herbel Study, his own experiences as a physician, and the medical record of the defendant did not provide enough evidence to justify the forced medication of the defendant even though all three concerned patients with delusional disorders. Watson, 793 F.3d at 428. The court found that the fourteen year-old Herbel study was inherently flawed due to its design and did not justify the forced medication of the defendant because the information provided about its subjects was neither similar enough nor specific enough to the situation of the defendant at hand. Id. at 426. Similarly, the court faulted the government’s reliance on the personal experiences of the witness because the information provided regarding his patients was not specific enough to the defendant’s situation. In particular, the testimony did not indicate that the previously treated patients had delusions that were “meaningfully similar in nature and persistence” to those of the defendants. The medical record of the defendant was also inadequate because although it reported that he had previously been given the, it only indicated that he had been treated and released. Id. at
The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 – Henry Clay, speaker of the house opposed Andrew Jackson and supported John Quincy Adams. When it was time to vote, John Quincy Adams got the majority even though Jackson had the popular vote. Jackson believed Adams and Clay struck a deal that Adams would win in return for Clay becoming Secretary of State.
While Odysseus and his men are stuck in the cave with the Cyclops, Odysseus comes up with the intricate plan of getting the Cyclops drunk, stabbing him in the eye so he becomes blind, and escaping on the bottom of his rams. This is one of the many ways that Odysseus attempts to save his men throughout the story. Not only does Odysseus repeatedly save his men from bad situations, but he is also selfless towards them. When they have to pass the sirens, he makes sure that none of them have to hear the sirens except
Another issue with the implementation of Informed consent arises when the patient waives the right to Informed consent and leaves the right to make the decision on the physician. Though legally correct, this can cause psychological stress for the physician especially when the decision is about a life threatening medical condition. Moreover, this also makes the patient vulnerable to abuse. (Manthous, DeGirolamo, 2003)
Odysseus is warned by Circe that the sweet voices of the Sirens’ bewitch anybody who comes near to them and that “there is no homecoming for the man who draws near them unawares and hears the Sirens’ voices” (Pauline Nugent). As curious as Odysseus is she knows he can’t pass up the opportunity of getting to hear the sweet seductive voices of the Sirens’. Circe knowing very much how Odysseus so helps him devise a plan so that he can hear the Sirens, and his fellow shipmen cannot. She tells Odysseus to have his men melt beeswax and plug there ear and if he wants to listen “...make them bind you hand and foot on board and place you upright by the housing of the mast, with the ropes ends lashed to the mast its self”(12;48-51). Odysseus
First, Odysseus and his men must sail past the Sirens, however, hearing their song leads any sailor to his doom. Circe herself tells Odysseus that “the Sirens will sing his mind away on that sweet meadow lolling.” (678 ll. 666-667) How does Odysseus overcome this adversary? He simply follows Circe’s orders to “plug your oars men's ears with beeswax….” (678 ll. 670-671) Although, she urges Odysseus to listen to the song of the Sirens alone. So, to prevent himself from becoming an issue, he orders his men to tie him up “plumb, amidships, back to the mast, lashed to the mast….” (681 ll. 746-747) This solution was also given to Odysseus via word of Circe. Thus, if Odysseus had not clearly followed Circe’s instructions, from plugging his men’s ears with beeswax to ordering his men to tie him to the mast, he and his crew would have met a fatal end. Much like soldiers in real life, Odysseus and his crew had to comply and obey orders in order to guarantee success on a mission. Circe’s advice allowed Odysseus to overcome the deadly Sirens without any loss, however, his whole journey did not go as smoothly.
Blackwell, w. (2014) states that we live in a society governed by an excessive extent of rules and regulations. Many of these rules apply to every individual within society for example rules relating to the use of public services; while other rules will focus and apply only to specific groups of individuals such as healthcare professionals. The aim of this assignment is to discuss the concept of consent in relation to the role of the nurse, with the purpose to demonstrate the ethical and legal implication of consent on nursing and professional practice.
The particular focus of this essay is on how terms are implied. This is central because the courts intervene and impose implied terms when they believe that in addition to the terms the parties have expressly agreed on, other terms must be implied into the contract. Gillies argued that the courts have become more interventionist in protecting the rights of contracting parties thereby encroaching upon the notion of freedom of contract. The doctrine of freedom of contract is a prevailing philosophy which upholds the idea that parties to a contract should be at liberty to agree on their own terms without the interference of the courts or legislature. Implied terms can be viewed as a technique of construction or interpretation of contracts. It has been argued that the courts are interfering too much in their approach to determine and interpret the terms of a contract. The aim of this essay is to explore this argument further and in doing so consider whether freedom of contract is lost due to courts imposing implied terms. The essay will outline how the common law implies terms. The final part of the essay will examine whether Parliament, by means of a statute, or terms implied by custom restrict freedom in a contract. An overall conclusion on the issue will be reached.
The health care industry continually deals with the lives of individuals and is bound by the ethical and legal aspects that influence decisions of health care professionals in their clinical practice. This essay aims to discuss the various issues and ethical dilemmas that arise with regards to the consent of consumers. In the attempt to explore these points, different literatures are used to shed light on this topic. This paper begins by defining what consent is and the role of nurses or the health care team in being an advocate of the patient when requiring consent. It moves on with the discussion of ethical frameworks, which are recognized nationally and internationally, as these carry significant influences in health care decision-making. The essay also brings out the essence of ethical theories and its relevance to consent giving. It then tackles the similarities and differences of the Code of Ethics and ethical guidelines relevant to both nursing and midwives as both professions work closely in the care of mothers, children and families. Issues and views from experienced professionals in these fields are presented and critically compared. It then considers both ethical and legal aspects, which seeks arguments and rational implications. The last topic points to the social and spiritual factors pertinent to consent that impact the society particularly on the care of patients and concludes by summarising discussed points and arguments about consent.