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Tornado Simulation

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Besides the previous Ward-type tornado simulator (Chang, 1966 and Ward, 1972) and its updated ones (Church et al., 1979; Leslie, 1977; Jischke et al., 1983; Diamond et al., 1984), the recently developed ones at Iowa State U. (ISU), Texas Tech U and Western U. (WU). Using the tornado simulator at ISU, the wind flow around a one-story, gable-roofed building in tornado-like winds (Hu, 2011) and the wind effects on this structure (Haan Jr et al., 2009) have been studied. They reported that the tornado-induced lateral forces were about 50% larger than those by ASCE 7-05 and the tornado-induced vertical force (uplift) were two or three times as large as those by the provision. Other similar research can be found in (Chang, 1971; Bienkiewicz et al.,

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