Using Linear And Non Linear Derivatives

According to these it can be concluded that GM Corporation’s risk management policy is based on a mostly passive hedging strategy. In general, passive hedging is used by highly risk-averse companies that

Hedging is a significant measure of financial risk management. Since the 1970s, the increasing number of powerful companies started to control the risk of the exchange rate, the interest rate and commodity by using financial derivatives. ISDA (2013) based on the Global 500 Annual Report 2012 survey found that 88 percent of companies use foreign exchange derivatives. Modigliani & Miller (1958) believed that if the financial markets were under perfect conditions, for instance, there was no agency costs, asymmetric information, taxes and transaction costs, hedging would not increase the company 's value because investors can hedge by themselves. However, a large number of practical studies have shown that hedging is beneficial

Mr. Lee and the other executives expect to generate a higher profit from hedging since they have majority of their personal wealth invested into the firm. The focus of any hedging program should always be to minimize the firm’s risk of loss, but that does not mean the they will

The current 50% hedging policy executed at the fund level has served well for OTPP for the past ten years, contributing to the fund’s positive returns. The FX Hedge Program not only has minimized the downside risk, but has also limited the upside potential. If OTPP decided not to implement a hedging program in 1996, they would have lost about $983 million CAD over the ten year period (1995-2005) which is valued at 2% of the portfolio. With the hedging program, OTPP was able to reduce the overall loss to about $469 million CAD, but also limited the gain from the depreciation of the pound.(Exhibit 1) Hedging is an excellent short-term risk minimizing strategy for long term investors, sustaining a continual payout of pensions during volatile times in OTPP’s invested currency markets. Currently, approximately 21% of OTPP’s net assets are exposed to foreign currency risk. Consequently, it is essential that OTPP maintain a risk management program of hedging, as slight currency fluctuations can significantly affect the value of the fund. Similarly to continual renewal of swaps, hedging can be a very expensive risk management strategy.

General Motors Corporation, the world’s largest automaker, has an extensive global outreach, which places the firm in competition with automakers worldwide, and subjects itself to significant exchange rate exposure. In particular, despite most of its revenues and production being derived from North America, depreciating yen rates pose problems for the firm indirectly through economic exposure. While GM possesses ‘passive’ hedging strategies for balance sheet and income statement exposures, management has not yet quantified or recognized solutions to possible losses from the indirect competitive exposure it now shared with Japanese automakers in the U.S import

Current prices are listed and the current value of the cash portfolio representing purchasing costs at these prices is $-2,376,547.00. The portfolio values are most commonly thought of as positive values that include both revenue and input cost components. In Case 1, however, the portfolio is made up of only purchasing input cost components, without regard to revenue. Henceforth, the negative portfolio represents future expenses, and the risk considered is that input prices will increase, resulting in higher costs of purchasing. In the hedging strategies implicate forward or futures contracts, the current value of the cash portfolio is equivalent to Wo, the initial portfolio value, because the current values of entire futures contracts and forward contracts at initiation are zero. When lengthy positions in options are used, the premiums represent a primary outlay of funds that is added or subtracted from the current value of the cash portfolio in the equation for the primary portfolio value

SGM is a company domiciled in Australia, but operates business internationally. Therefore, currency fluctuation in foreign exchange rates is a prominent challenge the company faces. SGM adopts a “local revenue, local

In order to reduce risk, the company is using two hedging derivatives: forward contracts and put options to sell dollars. The aim of the paper is to determine an appropriate hedging policy which answers two main questions: how much to hedge, and in what proportions of forwards

This report is created with a discussion over several important international finance topics for instance, interest-rate parity, currency risk management, regarding description on Carrefour S.A. financing policies as well as hedging strategy. Additionally, we also discussed on which currency Carrefour should issue its 10-year, 750 million euro, annual coupon bond, its foreign currency risk exposure and a possible hedging decision in dealing with any or all of the identified risks.

1) What are Aspen Technology’s main exchange rate exposures? How does Aspen Tech’s business strategy give rise to these exposures as well as to the firm’s financing need?

Nestlé S.A. is a Swiss company and owns a prestigious position being the world’s leading nutrition, health and wellness group (Nestlé, 2016). According to its annual report (2015), this company is exposed to many risks caused by movements in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rate and market prices. The foreign exchange risk comes from transactions and translations of foreign operations in Swiss Francs (CHF). The interest rate risk faces the borrowings at fixed and variable rates. The market price risk comes from commodity price and equity price. The former risk arises from world commodity market for the supplies of coffee, cocoa beans, sugar and others. The later risk arises from the fluctuations of the prices of investments held. (Nestle annual reports, 2015). Thus, financial derivatives instruments are used by this multinational corporation in order to hedge these risks.

Most firms hedge at least some of their risks. Hedging can take two basic forms—namely, natural hedging and hedging by means of derivative instruments. The use of derivatives as hedges has expanded greatly in recent years.

Another advantage to hedging is that it insulates companies from volatile price movements and ensures stable revenue income as price volatility can have an adverse effect onto revenue and disrupt cash flows. Furthermore, through hedging, a company can ensure certainty in both the production

   Derivatives emerged as a 'hedging ' device against the fluctuation in prices of commodities & financial instruments. Derivatives can be used in two ways, one  to mitigate economic loss, i.e. 'Hedging ' & the other  to increase the profit of underlying asset, if the value of asset moves in the direction of investor 's expectation .i.e.   'Speculation. '

Nestlé S.A. is a Swiss transnational food and beverage company. According to its annual report, this company is exposed to risk from movements in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rate and market prices. The foreign exchange risks come from transactions and translations of foreign operations in Swiss Francs (CHF). The interest rate risk faces the borrowings at fixed and variable rates. The market price risk comes from commodity price and equity price. The former arises from world commodity market for the supplies of coffee, cocoa beans, sugar and others, the latter instead arises from the fluctuations of the prices of investments held (Nestlé annual reports, 2015). Thus, financial derivatives instruments are used by this multinational corporation in order to hedge these risks.