Extreme learning Machine (ELM) [1] is a single hidden layer feed forward network (SLFN) introduced by G. B. Huang in 2006. In ELM, the weights between input and hidden neurons and the bias for each hidden neuron are assigned randomly. The weight between output neurons and hidden neurons are generated using the Moore Penrose Generalized Inverse [18]. This makes ELM a fast learning classifier. It surmounts various traditional gradient based learning algorithms [1] such as Back Propagation (BP) and well known classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) .
In order to improve the performance various variants of the ELM came over time such as Enhanced Incremental ELM (EI-ELM)[2], Optimal Pruned ELM (OP-ELM) [3], Convex Incremental ELM (CI-ELM)[4],
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Mainly ensemble pruning [12] approaches are categorized into three types.
a). Ordering Based Pruning: In this pruning approach the classifiers are arranged using some criteria and some of the top classifiers are selected as a Pruned Ensemble (PE). Some of the Ordering Based Pruning approaches are as follows: Kappa Pruning [12], Reduce Error Pruning [12], Minimum Distance Minimization Pruning(MDP) [12], Pruning via Individual Contribution Ordering [13], Ensemble Pruning Using Spectral Coefficient [14].
b) Optimization based pruning is a pruning approach which uses evolutionary techniques for pruning such as Genetic Algorithm (GA). A fitness function is genetically optimized to get a subset of classifiers which minimizes the error. Various variants of genetic based ensemble pruning have been proposed such as Genetic Algorithm based Selective Neural Network Ensemble (GASEN) [15], GAB: EPA [16]. Objective of GASEN is to select the best PE and maximize the accuracy of the PE by assigning the best weight to the classifiers of the PE. It uses fitness function, which is function of the generalization error minimized by genetic algorithm. GAB:EPA [16] was proposed for handling multiclass imbalanced data sets, diversity factor was also incorporated in fitness function to improve the performance.
c) Cluster Based Pruning Technique: In such type of pruning technique many clusters of the component classifiers are made and from
Let us now examine why such re-classification is necessary at the first place. First, it minimizes the
The objective of the neural network is to transform the input to meaningful output. Neural networks are often used for statistical analysis and data modeling. Neural network has many uses in data processing, robotics, and medical diagnosis [2]. From the starting of the neural network there are various types found, but each and every types has some advantages and disadvantages. Deep learning and -neural network software are the categories of artificial neural network. The parallel process also allows ANNs to process the large amount of data very efficiently. The artificial neural network is built with a systematic
Create multiple bilateral works, with each learning task seeded bilateral rating if the final auction price will be more than $ X or not. Test in this chapter, we X in the $ 5 different periods being compared to approach multiclass. For example, Sorter to sort out if the price is more than $ 5, and the next day for $ 10, and so on, up to the maximum price in the training set. The motive behind this technology by small amounts of available for any item of training examples in the online auctions every seed has access to all training data instead of subsets using multi-layer seed, which is much more effective use of training data available. Our hypothesis is that this scheme will work best rating of multiclass in our assessment. We use decision trees (C5.0) and neural networks for the construction of each work in this scheme. Another advantage of this method is that the distribution layer does not take sides so as in the case of the classification of multiclass class distribution is relatively more unified than this would improve the classification accuracy as shown in the following chapter.
Where, m ̅_(H,i) is the remaining probability mass that is not yet assigned to individual grades caused by the relative importance of the attribute i (denoted by e_i). It will be one if the weight of e_i is zero or ω_i=0 ; and will be zero if e_i dominates the assessment or ω_i=1. m ̃_(H,i) is the remaining probability mass unassigned to individual grades caused by the incompleteness of the assessment. m ̃_(H,i) will be zero if assessment is complete, or ∑_(n=1)^N▒β_(n,i) =1; otherwise, m ̃_(H,i) will be positive. m_(n,I(i)) and m_(H,I(i)) can be generated by combining the basic probability masses m_(n,j) and m_(H,j) for all n=1,…,N,j=1,…,i. Given the previous definitions and discussions, the ER algorithm can be summarized as
One of the biggest advantages of Neural Network is that it can actually learn from observing data sets. This way it uses a random function approximation tool, which helps to estimate the most efficient and ideal solution while defining all the computing functions and distributions. Neural Networks takes data samples instead of entire data sets to arrive to a solution, which saves a lot of time and money. Neural Networks are considered as simple mathematical models to enhance existing data analysis technology.
This algorithm was simulated with Matlab. These datasets and the mentioned characteristics are considered and the algorithm of each dataset with different slopes for the activation fumcion of interest were evaluated so that the best slope can be obtained. After running the program for several times and computing the average to obtain the best result, the optimum slope was evaluated for each dataset and the best slopes for Breast Cancer, Diabetes, Bupa, and
15) Which of the following statements the use of decision trees in multi-stage decision making problems is FALSE?
Feature selection is a dimensionality reduction technique widely used and it allows elimination of (irrelevant/redundant) features, whilst retaining the underlying discriminatory information, feature selection implies less data
One main point presented in the article is That the algorithm presented by the author is not only more
In the second scenario Iris dataset, which is one of the most common standard datasets is used. It consists of four attributes, 150 training samples, 150 testing samples, three classes, and three outputs as shown in Tables (\ref{Table:DatasetDescription}). The results of this dataset are summarized in Table (\ref{Table:Results}).
Replacing this manual process with machine learning tools offers automated optimization that saves tremendous amounts of time and labor, while it provides more accurate ranking.
4) Then, the accuracy of the redesigned model was calculated to identify frailty. 5) And, this procedure was repeated when the last feature is removed for redesigning the model. 6) All accuracy values were compared. 7) If an accuracy value related to a feature excluded for modeling is the lowest, the feature was eliminated. 8) After that, the same procedure was repeated without the eliminated feature by 1) to 7) until only one feature remained after eliminating features. 9) Finally, the number of features were selected based on the performance of the model evaluated by the recursive feature elimination for selecting the best model to identify frailty.
There are 3 general classes of feature selection calculations: filter method, wrapper method and embedded method.
This article provides a brief introduction to Weka, list of few algorithms in Weka, how it is used, some of the merits and demerits of Weka and some of the future implementations that
To construct an optimal hyperplane, SVM employs an iterative training algorithm, which is used to minimize an error function. According to the form of the error function, SVM models can be classified into four distinct groups: