In 1509, Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Aragon. After birthing a daughter, doctors notified the couple that Catherine was unable to give birth again. Henry VIII wanted a male heir and was determined to get one. He plans to divorce Catherine, which was punishable by excommunication. The pope refused to grant him a divorce so Henry VIII made the Archbishop of Canterbury do so. This proceeded to break England from its Roman Catholic Church base, putting Henry VIII as the Supreme Head in 1554, making the pope powerless. This led to the Reformation. Martin Luther wrote the “Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences,” or “The 95 Theses,” in 1517. The documents started to doubt the Catholic Church. Martin Luther knew that the divorce of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was illegal. He then spoke out against this. The effect of this was the Reformation.
In 1086, William I of England made landowners pledge their allegiance to him alone. This is repeated between 1934 and 1935 when Adolf Hitler made the German Armed Forces and the civil servants of Nazi Germany pledge their loyalty to him. This allegiance replaces the constitution set at that time. On January 30, 1933, President Paul von
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In 1337, the Hundred Years’ War began. In 1328, when Charles IV of France died with a male heir, Edward III of England felt he had the right to the throne because of his mother, Isabella of France. Being French, they did not want a English king. Philip VI of France was also after the throne. This then preceded to cause the two countries to erupt in war. Between 1348 and 1356, fighting halted because of a sickness that was sweeping Europe out, the Black Death. This is repeated in the Civil War where a large population of soldiers were killed by dysentery as well as typhoid fever, coming from lice. Sickness could have been the main causes for both of these had not been for modern
While these were the main causes of Reformation in continental Europe, in England, King Henry VIII initiated the Reformation. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, after she had failed to produce a male heir to the throne. However, a divorce was not a simple issue. Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognise, let alone support, divorce. He also wanted to prevent the interference of foreign powers in the national and international affairs of the country.
First off, King Henry VIII did not pass the law with the intention to benefit his country, but rather to split with his wife. When Martin Luther was first protesting the Catholic church, he was clearly against anyone contradicting the pope. However, he seemingly changes his opinion completely, seven years later in 1529, when he requests the divorce. In his letter of inquiry, he stated that he was fully aware that it is not allowed in the church, but he hoped that the
The protestant reformation was a significant turning point during the 16th century that completely revolutionized the Roman Catholic Church. The “reformation” was launched in 1517 when a German monk by the name of Martin Luther posted his “95 Theses” on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. The main ideas of this publication was that selling and buying indulgences was wrong and that the pope has no power over purgatory. These 95 revolutionary opinions formed the basis for the protestant reformation which revolutionized western civilization over the next three centuries. Although most people believe these reforms only affected religion, the reformation also impacted political life. Politics played an enormous role in the reformation due to the fact that political rulers wanted to extend their power and control using the church. Throughout the course of the protestant reformation, political authorities such as Emperor Charles V and Henry
The English Reformation was a detailed process, in 16th-century England, where the Church of England broke ties with the authority of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. It all began with King Henry VIII marriage with Catherine of Aragon. After years of marriage Catherine had not produced a male heir who survived into adulthood angering the King. With this in mind King Henry will set his eyes own Anne Boleyn who was a maid of honor to Queen Catherine. By the late 1520s, Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine annulled, claiming it to be invalid due to the fact that Catherine was his late brothers wife making it wrong for Henry VIII to be allowed to marry her. In 1527 Henry asked the Pope, Pope Clement VII, to annul his marriage. The pope refused in fear of the Queen’s nephew, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. this
In the 1300s a time period known as the Renaissance emerged.The renaissance became a time of rebirth for the people that were once restricted by the church’s strict rules. This break away from the church began with an event called the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation started with a German monk named Martin Luther. Martin Luther nailed 95 theses onto a catholic church door complaining about the church’s corrupt practices of selling indulgences. Martin Luther’s complaints inspired many other people to protest, thus creating the Protestant religion. Even though people were more inclined to leave the church, society was still governed by religion. King Henry the 8th was apart of the Protestants religion, and was the head of the
In the creation of a text the composer’s choices relating to the ways in which they construct the text are used to position the responder towards a desired interpretation. This is particularly evident in texts concerning people and politics as the composers shaping of the text manipulates the responder to favour a particular political view or person’s perspective. In the play ‘King Henry IV Part One’ (c.1597) writer William Shakespeare constructs the text so that the audience conforms to his idea of the rightful ruler as influenced by his personal and historical context. Similarly, in the television series ‘The Borgias’ (2011) created by Neil Jordan the text is constructed so that the audience favours the corrupt pope despite his flaws, which
In the early 1500s, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, grew in the favor of Henry VIII. When Henry VIII was attempting to divorce Catherine of Aragon, Thomas Cranmer helped Henry VIII build his case for the annulment of the marriage. Thomas Cranmer also supported the law of Royal Supremacy, which made the king the head of the Church. These things led to Thomas Cranmer getting in Henry VIII “good books” which later helped him once Edward VI acceded the throne. Thomas Cranmer’s willingness to compromise helped him reach such a powerful position in the church so quickly. If Cranmer had gone about things the way Luther did, he would have easily been executed for heresy and defying the Law of Treason and Heresy by revolting against the king. By compromising some
At the time Luther wrote the “95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences” he presumed that reforms could still be made by the Pope and the church's hierarchy; however, after Luther received the papal bull excommunicating him, Luther’s ideology became diametrically opposed to the pope and the whole Roman Catholic structure (shilling 142). This break was a defining time
Martin Luther and King Henry the VIII both wanted to separate from the catholic church; however their means and reasoning were quite different. Martin Luther wanted to refine the church because he was against the selling of indulgences and other such operations performed by the church at this time. He created his 95 - Thesis to post about ways in which the Church is corrupt and ways of refining. On the other hand, King Henry VIII wanted to separate from the church in order for more selfish reasons and less religious reasons. King Henry VIII wanted to bring about religious change for marital reasons, he wanted his marriage annulled and for a new marriage to take place, however he could not have this desire granted because of the rules of
King Henry VIII (ruled 1509-1547), was a religious conservative, he wrote a book (1521) the views of the sacrament as Catholics perceive it. The issue between him and the church was the fact that he wanted a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536) because she didn't birth him a worthy heir. Furthermore, this was not the only reason he wanted a divorce was so he could be with Anne Boylen (1507-1536). The pope at the time was a prisoner of Charles V who happened to be Catherine Of Argon nephew. The King ask for a for his case to be heard by the pope but the case was transferred to Rome, where he had no chance of winning. Henry secretly married now pregnant Anne Boleyn. King Henry passed a series of acts to break ties between the
Before King Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon became annulled, there were rumors of a Protestant Reformation in Europe. During 1517, a German professor named Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses against the doors of the Castle Church of Wittenberg about how he didn’t agree with Catholic beliefs and starting a Protestant Reformation. With Henry VIII being a strong Catholic believer, he was outraged. Later that year, Henry started writing a book attacking Luther’s ideas, “Henry was indignant at Luther’s arguments, but sensed, also, his own chance to assert that loyalty to the Pope...” (Bowle 88). It was paramount that King Henry VIII looked like a strong, faithful Catholic leader in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church that
When the second trial failed Henry imprisoned Cardinal Wolsey, where he would die awaiting trial, and begin the English Reformation. The English Reformation began in earnest when Henry met Thomas Cranmer who said the problem with the marriage was moral not legal and that the Bible held precedent on morale matters and those that could interpret these morals were university theologians like Cranmer himself (Monarchy). The king then went on a university tour across Europe to take a poll on who was in the right, the king or the Pope. Across Europe the envoys bribed, cajoled, and threatened theologians to side with the king of England, and for two years Tudor England through its’ power behind condemning the Pope and Catherine. Most “theologian opinion” swung in Henry’s favor and with this backing Henry became bolder and asserted that he was an emperor and that no one on earth topped him, not even the Pope.
Prior to 1933, German officers, soldiers and civil servants swore an oath of allegiance: “I swear by almighty God this sacred oath: I will at all times loyally and honestly serve my people and country and, as a brave soldier, I will be ready at any time to stake my life for this oath.” 1.
After many attempts to get the popes permission for the divorce and approval to marry Ann with no success, King Henry VIII made a decision that would change history forever. Henry fired his closest advisor Cardinal Wolsey who was Lord Chancellor of England and replaced him with Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell.[17] These two men advised the King to split the English church off from the Roman church in order to become head of the church and gain the marriage that he desired. This idea began the years of the Reformation Parliament in which the English parliament granted powers over the church clergy to the King in stages. The Act of Appeals in 1533 made Henry VIII the source for all English jurisdictions both secular and religious, and then the Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared the King of England as supreme head of the
The thirteenth century saw the arrival of the Black Death, which was one of the most destructive pandemics to strike Europe during the mid thirteenth century. It was believed to have been brought aboard ships from Asia, it “arrived in Messina, Sicily, in October 1347 and then landed in London around 1348, without waning until the spring of 1350. It is “generally assumed to have killed between one third and one half of the populace” but being carried over to Scotland, it was being spread and began to rejuvenate its wrath “in the spring of 1350” there, before making its way over southward to Wales then back up into Ireland. The plague reappeared in “1361-64, 1368, 1371, 1371-75, 1390, 1405 and continued into the fifteenth century.” The result was a dramatic reduction in population, a surplus of luxury goods, land and money to those who would not have otherwise had access to it; and, an increased need for laborers. Because of the increase in prosperity in the aftermath of the darkness spread by the Black Death, there was a need for political change away from structures that were created during periods of great instability. Between 1337 and 1453, The Hundred Years War between England and