Women in Beowulf
Are women in this poem active equals of the men? Or are they passive victims of the men? The role of the women in Beowulf is not a stereotyped one of passive homemaker, but rather one having freedom of choice, range of activity, and room for personal growth and development.
The poem opens with Scyld Scefing, who came motherless to rule the Danes:
than those at his start who set him adrift when only a child, friendless and cold, lone on the waves. (44-46)
Scyld’s motherlessness perhaps tells the reader that the heroic, superhauman, violent deeds about to transpire are perhaps not all that compatible with women and womanly qualities like passivity, gentleness, compassion. For the same reason we see no
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The Queen comes to support her king and to encourage the volunteer Geat warriors to do their very best and bravest in the combat with Grendel. Only after the Queen has given him a cup of mead does Beowulf pledge to fight Grendel to the death, . And “these words well pleased the royal lady, the boast of the Geat” (639-40). As soon as the hero made this boast, “The gracious queen, her cloak gold-laden, then sat by her lord” (640-641). So it is obvious what her purpose was – to win a firm commitment from Beowulf, thereby pleasing her king and her subjects.
When Grendel had been routed, the order was then given to refurbish Heorot, both “men and women adorning the guest-house, that great wine-hall,” (993-94) working together side by side. Hrothgar that night distributed much gratitude and many gifts, then a scop sang the story of a very emotionally strong woman, Hildeburh, who lost son and brother to battle: “Beside them both the noblewoman wept” (1118). Hildeburh becomes a deposed Frisian queen and is taken back to her people, the Danes.
After the scop’s recital, Queen Welhtheow reappears and encourages her husband to be generous to the Geats, and he is so. And then the queen gives gifts: “It is right that I grant you these jewelled treasures” (1225). Do I detect a hint of equality here between king and queen? No,
The Danes are enemies with the Frisians. However, Hildeburh failed to bring peace among the men and lost her brother, son, and husband in a battle. The fact that the husband and brother are burned on the pyre together signifies shared loss and mourning, “how could she [Hildeburh] not lament her fate when morning came and the light broke on her murdered dears” (63). Hrothgar hosts a banquet for Beowulf, and he presents his men with rewards and gold for the Geatish warrior that Grendel killed. The Danes and Finns break out into battle after the gifts are distributed and Hildeburh loses her brother and son.
As the poems of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight show, women have always had power, yet not as overt a power as wielded by their masculine counterparts. The only dynamic of women’s power that has changed in the later centuries is that the confines and conditions in which women have wielded their power has become more lax, thus yielding to women more freedom in the expression of their power. The structure, imagery, and theme in the excerpts from Beowulf (lines 744-71) and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (lines 2309-30) support the concept of more power in the later centuries, by contrasting the restriction of Wealhtheow and the power she practices in Beowulf with the Lady’s more direct assertion of power in Sir Gawain
Women have had many different roles in the history of European literature but have generally been restricted to the roles assigned to them in a largely patriarchal society. As a result of this society, these roles have often been powerless ones. This calls into question the constitution of a powerful woman in literature: in Beowulf, being a powerful woman means becoming the bond between families and alliances; in Lanval, power comes from assertion and control-- a powerful woman is a woman in charge. The primary difference between the representation of women in Beowulf and Lanval is that the latter transcends overarching patriarchal boundaries, and the former does not; the reason for their respective representations lies in the literary time periods in which the stories were written. From this, one can see that the introduction of romance as a central theme gave way to new representations and roles of women in predominantly heteropatriarchal English literature and gives new meaning to the analysis of stories like these.
Throughout the novel Beowulf, women can be looked at as unimportant, but from Campbell’s excerpt one can see how the role of women in Beowulf is as essential as the role of men. Throughout the course of Beowulf, many men take part in acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice, but what many do not notice is the roles women have taking part in those same actions. Although women’s acts of protection, bravery, and sacrifice in this novel seem to be minor and not as celebrated as the men’s acts, they are still critical to the wellbeing and overall success of the character’s lives. According to Campbell, “A woman’s what it’s all about; the giving of birth and the giving of nourishment. She’s identical with the earth goddess in her powers, and
Beowulf is an epic tale written over twelve hundred years ago. In the poem, several different female characters are introduced, and each woman possesses detailed and unique characteristics. The women in Beowulf are portrayed as strong individuals, each of whom has a specific role within the poem. Some women are cast as the cup-bearers and gracious hostesses of the mead halls, such as Wealhtheow and Hygd, while others, Grendel's mother, fulfill the role of a monstrous uninvited guest. The woman's role of the time period, author's attitude, and societal expectations for women are evidenced throughout the poem.
As an epic tale of heroes and monsters, Beowulf gives its readers much excitement and adventure, but Beowulf's importance is more than just literary. It offers many insights into the beliefs and customs of seventh-century Anglo-Saxon culture. Among these insights is the Anglo-Saxon view of women and their role in society. Good Anglo-Saxon women are peaceful and unassertive, greeting guests and serving drinks to the warriors and other men in the meadhall. Wealhtheow, the queen of the Danes, represents a typical subservient Anglo-Saxon woman. As a foil to Wealhtheow, Grendel's mother is a strong and combative monster whom Beowulf must kill. By analyzing these two characters in Beowulf, we can understand the
Hygd is beautiful, wise, courteous, and attentive. She pours mead in the drinking horns of the warriors thus fulfilling the important role of hostess and cup-bearer in the poem (141 Beowulf). We can see that the women are treated only as if they are maids to the men and are only there to fill up there mugs and bringing them new ones to drink out of. We then can see that the first lines of a women come into play and it is from the queen praising Beowulf and giving him items to wear and other trinkets to take home and then a very important aspect comes in the narrator says, "She moved then to her place"(141 Beowulf). we can see from this that they are saying that she is not the center of attention and that once she is done talking she needs to go back into her place on the table and stay there for the rest of the dinner and be in the background while the men have
For centuries, women have been regarded inferior in comparison with men. In addition, they have been even treated as a certain threat to the normal social order. Especially, it can be noticed with the help of the analysis of literary works. For example, if to take into consideration such masterpieces of English literature as Beowulf and Jane Eyre, it becomes clear
Literature has always been a place for writers to travel to a place and create epic tales. During the anglo saxon period, Beowulf was introduced to the world and changed the way literature was looked at. While many readers focused on the heroic presence that was shown through the reading, there was a huge impact of life that was forgotten about. The women in Beowulf played a pivotal role that seemed to be forgotten about almost because they were not considered to be key components in this literary fixture. The role of women in Beowulf seems to show a difference of the 20th century modern woman in society.
Other roles of women during the Anglo-Saxon time was the memory keepers. Now the memory keeper role was a role that isn't what it sounds like. Before researching this I thought that this meant they would be like poets during this time who would be able to tell stories about warriors, but that's not it. This role was meant for women would remember all the troublesome stuff like when their warrior was killed and no one was able to defend their tribe or nation. An example would be in the story Beowulf when the women of Geatish sung a song at their warrior Beowulf died and was burned .They had women remember this so they knew what was going to happen if one of their loved ones or warriors fall during battle. Their nation would fall and probably
Beowulf’s anonymous author presents femininity as a personification of gentleness, using a meter of poise to define female characters. The good women in Beowulf only have emotions ranging from happy to sad, while worse women have a larger range, experiencing rage and pride. All women in Beowulf fear death, however, and all women contrast with the general roughness and ruggedness of masculinity. Even Grendel’s Mother, a murdering monster herself, is described with more compassion than her son was while he was alive and killing. The author makes it clear that hospitality is a feminine trait that is highly valued in their society. Mercy and modesty are desired feminine traits, as shown in the story of the vain queen. Grace and sensuality are also
The Anglo-Saxon era was known for Vikings, conquests, and many additional things, but it was also known for its heroes. Beowulf, as told in the epic poem Beowulf, is one such hero. The tale of Beowulf was an epic poem told mainly by storytellers through the ages until it was finally written down that he had battled many forces of evils; one such evil being a woman. There are not many women in the tale of Beowulf, only four are named, but they show examples of what was expected of women and provide a glimpse what women were like in the Anglo-Saxon era. The women of Beowulf share similarities, budft still have their differences, on the roles of women in the Anglo-Saxon era.
When welcoming the hero Beowulf, Hrothgar’s wife Wealhtheow passed around a cup to the men in the hall to ignite the feeling of community and friendship amongst the men before the fight with Grendel. Later, in the Geat kingdom Hygd, King Hygelac’s wife, though young is described, “... her mind was thoughtful and her manners sure… [she] behaved generously and stinted nothing when she distributed bounty to the Geats” (81). Being both generous and regal, the presence of the two queens amongst their people is meant to encourage unity. While they are
From the time of Beowulf, to the age of King Arthur, to present day, the image and value of a woman has changed drastically. Now, in the twenty first century, women strive to be just like men. “To be tougher, to learn to fight, [and] to learn to play the game" just as men do. (Shiner). Women are now trying to be less dependent on a man and to dependent on them-selves.
In a translation of a poem or novel the true intention behind the author’s words can be lost or misunderstood. The poem Beowulf, translated by Seamus Heaney is a great example of this. Heaney’s translation suggested the role of women was limited to procreation or partnership (Sarmiento, 2012), whereas the women in Beowulf are seen playing three major roles: monster, peacemaker, and hostess (Rubie, 2014) and with those roles they gave a new perspective to the heroic theme of the book.