Gene expression

Researchers daily utilize the knowledge of the mechanism of gene expression, allowing them to operate in different areas. An example is the imposition of certain conditions to micro-organisms, which are capable of producing drugs or induce cells to function properly, which is of great importance in medicine. Great emphasis is placed on control systems based on proteins but recently research started to also focus on the use of systems based on RNA, which is equally as polypeptides involved in the

In gene expression DNA, the blueprint of life is transcribed into RNA, a nucleic acid that acts as a messenger carrying instructions that control the synthesis of proteins. Gene expression is vital to determining cell functions and exactly how much protein should be produced by the cell. The process in which the end proteins are modified can also be manipulated by researchers. The types of cells which are typically handled in laboratories include prokaryotes. Escherichia coli is a bacteria found

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 RNA interference regulates gene expression in eukaryotes The flow of genetic information within a living organism was first stated by Crick as “DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein” (Crick 1956). In response to environmental stimuli, the dynamic modulation of specific gene products (mRNAs and proteins) confers flexibility and adaptability to prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses (Crick 1956). Proper gene regulation is essential for cell growth, development, proliferation

in the presentation consisted of: why to study microbes? , What are the basics of gene expression? , What’s special about riboswitches? The major hypotheses that were explored during the presentation were “S box” represses genes involved in the synthesis of methionine and SAM in response to the high SAM concentration; and the low SAM results in the readthrough of the termination site. Also “How can gene expression be regulated” and under what conditions/processes the bacterial cells could use to

signaling, gene regulation and so on (Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1996; Grant and Loake, 2000; Breusegem et al., 2001: Blokhina et al., 2003; Laloi et al., 2004; Gechev et al., 2006). Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in particular and ROS in general serve as intracellular signaling molecules (Scandalios, 2005) and regulate a great deal of intracellular signaling pathways (Sauer et al., 2001). Moreover, they are crucial secondary messengers (Saed-Moucheshi et al., 2014). ROS influence gene expression in three

The process of gene expression is used by all known life known as eukaryotes which include multicellular organisms, prokaryotes like bacteria and Achaea, and viruses which generates the macromolecular machinery for life. Gene expression is what “turns on” the genes and makes a product. The products made could be an enzyme, a protein, or a control molecule. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as mRNA genes or tRNA genes, the product is a functional RNA. The order

Introduction: This unit had two labs that developed on the same basic idea: gene expression in bacteria. Gene expression is a highly regulated process in which cells either allow or prevent a certain trait to be shown in the next generation of offspring. One major proponent looked at in the first lab was the DNA plasmid. A DNA plasmid is a short, circular sequence of DNA nucleotides that are common in bacteria, but are rarely found in larger organisms. The plasmids are useful in that they

is the process of allowing a cell to be able to accept a gene into itself and allow the gene to become part of the cell 's whole, thus changing its form and expressing the gene 's function. This process was first discovered by the British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith, who was able to transform Streptococcus pneumoniae into a different strain of Strep. in 1928 (1928). This discovery was pivotal in the way we understand gene expression and its engineering. An example of genetic engineering using

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) versus Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) INTRODUCTION Expressed sequence tag or also known as EST are 200 to 800 unedited nucleotide bases in length, and randomly selected single pass sequence reads which are derived from the cDNA libraries while serial analysis of gene expression or SAGE have more shorter sequence tags with only 10 to 20 base pairs. But even it is short it still have enough information to uniquely identify a transcript, especially if it is

The discovery that double-stranded RNA can efficiently silence gene expression (RNA interference, RNAi) was made by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in the worm C. elegans (Fire et al., 1998). It has since been hailed as one of the most important innovations in modern molecular medicine and accordingly, the pair were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 2006. This discovery opened up a whole new field of biological research which has impacted all aspects of medicine including