Genome

Alphaherpesvirinae (α), the Betaherpesvirinae (β) - the family of which CMV belongs to, and the Gammaherpesvirinae (γ) (King et al., 2011). Sub-classification is determined on the basis of their sequence homology, biological properties, and their genome sequence arrangements (Arvin et al., 2007). Members of the α-herpesviruses can infect a wide range of hosts and have short reproductive cycles. This is unlike the β-herpesvirus family, which have restricted host range and prolonged reproductive

that we are potentially close to parents being able to screen their embryos and make an alteration to genomes. The use of CRISPR/Cas9, gene editing technologies, are stirring up ethical debates. There are many arguments in favor and against this possible development in science and human life. Those against gene editing say, it is unnatural and dangerous and may cause unintentional edits to genomes of unborn fetuses without their consent. Those in favor say that it may lead to a decrease in the occurrence

rudimentary techniques being replaced with rapid, inexpensive, and more efficient tools for genome editing (Zhang et al., 2014). Tools like CRISPR/ Cas9, which, were once a bacterial defense mechanism but have since been adapted to create a system of targeted gene modifications (Jinek et al., 2012). Although a lot of ethical questions remain, CRISPR/ Cas9 has without a doubt, become a staple in the field of genome editing. International debates on the future

BeadChip. SNPs were scored using Genome Studio Genotyping Module v1.8.4 (Illumina, Inc.) and SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF) of < 0.05 were ruled out from further analysis. Subsequently 42,041 SNPs with minor allele frequency ≥ 0.05 across 491 genotypes were used for GWAS analysis. Linkage disequilibrium estimation Glyma.Wm.82.a2 reference genome will be used to obtain chromosome physical lengths (bp) through SoyBase (Grant, Nelson, et al., 2010) to calculate genome-wide inter marker distance

such as HIV/AIDS, hemophilia, sickle cell anemia and several forms of cancer, Huntington’s Tay-Sachs and many more deadly inherited diseases. However, concerns have been raised on how precise this machinery is on cutting of adding sequence to the genome. In that matter of fact, the opposite site argument is based on the fact that a malfunction in the process can create more harm than good. Also, there is a debate on the ethical part of the system. To test the efficiency of CRISPR Cas9 on human

of Polintons and other transposons [61], and can integrate at multiple sites within the host (C. roenbergenesis) genome and get reactivated in a CroV-infection dependent manner [90]. Furthermore, Polintons are thought to be one of the major components of the complex genetic network that include NCLDVs,

is an accurate, cheap, and fast way to edit genes. It is used to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding, or altering some sections of the DNA sequence. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used with HIV cell lines and RNA-directed gene editing to prevent new HIV-1 infections. Both experiments resulted in the stopping of the reactivation of the HIV infection. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) puts its own genome directly into a host cell during the time of infection (Ebina et al, 2013). This

Zimmer introduces the finding of a protein called “Hemo” that scientist have been recently researching. It is created by the fetus and the placenta that is produced from viral DNA. Researchers explain that this protein had entered our ancestors’ genomes 100 million years ago. The Hemo was reported in July that a “strange protein courses through the veins of a pregnant woman”. What made it come about? What will this alien orginated protein do? No one is completely positive as the research continues

parents the ability to make a flawless child. That future is near, but is halted due to people’s fear of Genetically Modified Babies, which is “a biologically radical technique referred to by terms including ‘mitochondrial replacement,’ and ‘nuclear genome transfer,’ [these techniques] would produce modifications in every cell of any resulting children” (Cussin and Darnovsky 16). This procedure takes the fetus’s cells and allows the doctors to manipulate the cells in any matter they want; then, the

Since viruses were first discovered in 1892, there has been an ongoing debate of whether or not a virus can be classified as living organisms. A virus is composed of two simple components: a genome and a protein coat to protect this genome, and they are known to infect living host cells to replicate. From this definition, it does not define either the possibility of whether or not that a virus is alive. It gives the structure and function of the virus, but not the general rules that are needed to