Molecular orbital

Trimmomatic v.0.36 –REF was used to trim reads by removing leading bases with Phred33 quality scores < 5, trailing bases with Phred33 quality scores < 3, using a sliding window of 4 bases and removing the 5’ terminal base if the average Phred33 score of the 4 bases was < 15, and completely discard trimmed reads with less than 36 remaining bases. The high quality reads were subsequently mapped to the pig genome Sscrofa build 11.1 using the Star software v.2.5.2a and default parameters while simultaneously

Welcome back everyone. It seems like I had only just started researching down at the lab, but it has finally come to an end. This week was the final week at my internship and I am sad to see it come to an end. Thankfully, I was successful in my endeavors to synthesis a thermostable DNA polymerase, in this case pfu, but there was still so much more I could have done with it. Creating the pfu was only the first step, there was still so much more testing I could have done, whether it be comparing it

Why were transgenic cows created? Transgenic cows were mainly created to produce healthier milk. Compared to normal cow's milk, transgenic cows are able to produce more milk that contains more nutrients. Transgenic cows milk can also be used to produce proteins that are used to treat disease. For example, Chinese scientists have created a cow which produces low lactose milk. People with lactose intolerant will be able to digest this milk without having stomach problems. Normal milk contains lactose

You know what DNA is right? The genetic code or blueprints of your being. Well do you know what RNA is? It’s not that well known but very important. Now let’s learn about the two subjects. DNA or other known as deoxyribonucleic acid is, as said before, your genetic code. It tells your body what to do and how to do it, how you should look, really just the blueprints for you it determines everything about you. Now DNA is microscopic, it’s in your body's cells, every single one. It’s double stranded

Forensic science more than often deals with DNA fingerprinting being used as a technique to identify the offender of a crime in a particular case. The DNA fingerprint maybe RFLP, VNTR or STR. RFLP stands for Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphism. VNTR stands for Variable Number of Tandem Repeats. STR stands for Short Tandem Repeats. RFLP was the first DNA fingerprinting method. STR is currently the most popular fingerprinting method. These DNA fingerprinting techniques require restriction enzymes

Background Amplified luxAB genes of isolated chromosomal DNA from Vibrio fischeri bacteria were ligated into digested pGEM [1]. The cut pGEM contained a “stuffer” – a small fragment of DNA positioned between the EcoR1 and Xba1 restriction sites and located within the polylinker region of the plasmid [1]. The stuffer fragment could potentially re-ligate back into the plasmid instead of the desired insert, namely the digested PCR product with luxAB genes [1]. Ligation reactions varied in two ways:

other hand, wanted to see what was the structure of DNA. After some inconclusive experiments, he went to Italy. At Italy, Maurice Wilkins was giving a lecture about his X-ray diffraction of DNA. Afterward, Watson was now determined to find DNA's molecular structure. In 1951, Watson went to England at the Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn' in Naples to perform X-ray diffraction experiments. On 1953, using data from his experiments and other peoples' (some without

Inherited retinal disorders affect millions of people worldwide (1). With more than ten types of diseases and around 200 identified genes, is considered a complicated disease (2). As a member of inherited retinal disorders, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a progressive rod and cone photoreceptor degradation that leads to tunnel vision, night blindness and finally complete blindness. Disease prevalence range from 1 in 3000 to 1 in 7000 individuals (3). The disease inherit in autosomal recessive (50-60%)

The comet assay, also known as Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis, is a method to determine the amount of DNA damage in a single cell. This assay is used for a wide range of applications, such as DNA damage and repair studies, genetic toxicology testing, and biomonitoring and nutritional research. The comet assay is a versatile technique for detecting DNA damage within a single cell. This damage is usually single-strand or double-strand breaks. Single cells are suspended in agarose and the damaged DNA

Vertebrates, including mice, have Hox genes that are homologous to those of the fly, and these genes are clustered in discrete locations with a 3'-to-5' order reflecting an anterior to posterior order of expression. There are several differences between the mouse and fly Hox genes, however. One obvious difference is that there are more Hox genes on the 5' side of the mouse segment; these correspond to expression in the tail, and flies do not have anything homologous to the chordate tail. Another