8) Kargil is suffering from an obstruction of his colon. He notices that his urine color is dark yellow. He wonders why and asks you to explain, what is your answer?
• I would tell Kargil that the darker color of his urine is due to probably increased mounts of pigment urobilin, which give urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestines by the action of the intestinal bacteria on the bile pigments. In an intestine obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger than normal amount diffuses into the blood where it is eliminated by the kidneys.
9) Tommy shows you a recent blood test report in which normal levels LDL and triglyceride are
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Quiz 4
1) Graves Disease:
• Graves ' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). The thyroid gland is an important organ of the endocrine system. The gland is located at the front of the neck above where the collarbones meet. This gland releases the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control body metabolism. Controlling metabolism is important for regulating mood, weight, and mental and physical energy levels. When the body makes too much thyroid hormone, the condition is called hyperthyroidism. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and is most common in women over age 20. But the disorder can occur at any age and can affect men as well. Some of the symptoms of Graves diseases are
✓ Anxiety or nervousness, as well as problems sleeping
✓ Breast enlargement in men (possible)
✓ Problems concentrating
✓ Fatigue
2) Myxedema:
✓ Is a condition resulting from advanced hypothyroidism, or deficiency of thyroxine. It is the adult form of the disease whose congenital form is known as cretinism. Myxedema may be caused by lack of iodine in the diet; by atrophy, surgical removal, or a disorder of the thyroid gland; by destruction of the gland by radioactive iodine; or by deficient excretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary gland. It is marked
Experts aren’t sure the exact cause of Graves’ disease because it is an autoimmune disease. There are certain risk factors associated with Graves’ disease which include genetics, gender, age, pregnancy, mental stress, and smoking. People who have family history of this disease are more likely to develop it. Also females are more likely than males to acquire Graves’ disease and onset of the disease usually occurs after the age of 20. Anatomy affected by this disease is the thyroid gland which is part of the endocrine system. It is located at the back of the neck, below the Adam’s apple. This disease doesn’t destroy the thyroid gland, instead an antibody called thyrotropin receptor antibody makes the thyroid produce large amounts of hormone. The thyroid produces two hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones affect many body systems and play a key role in regulating the body’s metabolic rate. Excessive secretion of these hormones is what causes the signs and symptoms that have already been described.
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created in the body during the normal recycling of old red blood cells. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, also called Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. It was named for the Japanese surgeon who discovered it in 1912 The thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck. The thyroid makes hormones called T3 and T4. These hormones regulate metabolism. The thyroid is controlled by hormones of the pituitary gland, which is also called the “master gland.” It is a pea-sized gland located in the base of the brain which, among others, makes thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH. TSH stimulates the thyroid to make thyroid hormone. With Hashimoto’s disease, the thyroid cells are damaged resulting in the inability to make enough thyroid
All the symptoms that were described were based on the kidney functions, so more and further
Hashimoto thyroiditis is a common disease caused by hypothyroidism. The immune system cells attack the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and eventually destruction of the gland. This reduces the thyroids ability to make hormones. These hormones are known as thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) (Better health channel 2015).
He has never been on any statin therapy. His most recent lipids were done in January showing total cholesterol 213, triglycerides 172, HDL 61, LDL is 118.
D/A: Maurice Brown had one appointment this week. On 12/14, he was seen by Doctor Nat Ramani of the GI Associates of Delaware. According to Doctor’s note, consumer tolerated procedure well. He did not have fever, rash, or chills post procedure, but still complains of having periumbilical abdominal pain frequently for 2-3months. He describe pain as sharp in nature, rates it 7 out of 10, wakes him up from sleep at night, no exacerbating factors, radiates to both sides of his abdomen, alleviating on passing gas and having a BM. On 12/14, 12/17, Mr. Brown went for his dialysis. On 12/17, he went twice, in the morning at 10:00 a.m. and in the afternoon at 4p.m. when this writer his Case Manager asked him how his treatment was going? He said ‘’fine,
However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over activity of the thyroid gland).
The main cause of hyperthyroidism Graves’ disease which affects quite a few people in the general population. This disease is characterized as an autoimmune disorder. This means that the body makes antibodies known as thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin that bind and over activate the production of thyroid hormones [3]. So in essence the antibody mimics the thyroid stimulating hormone and when the negative feedback loop is in affect the antibody still binds to the thyroid and T3 and T4 are over produced [2].
Hashimoto Thyroiditis also known as Hashimoto’s disease named after Hakarum Hashimoto back in 1912, is an Autoimmune Lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland by antithyroid autoantibodies. It is highly likely for a person to develop Hypothyroidism as a result of the autoantibodies attacking the thyroid and keeping the thyroid from producing the amount of hormones our bodies need. As stated in the Ear, Nose and Throat Journal “Approximately 5% of the general population has hypothyroidism, with Hashimoto thyroiditis the most common cause.”(2) The journal also goes on to say how women are affected disproportionately with a ratio of 10:1. While there is not a definite cause of Hashimoto’s it has been researched that majority of people who have the disease have a family member who also suffer from thyroid disease, suggesting that it could be genetic.
normal flow of urine out of both kidneys from a blockage caused by kidney stones, a tumor,
Potassium levels were also increasing (6.8) and his urea and creatinine were markedly deranged. He also began to appear grossly oedematous.
Graves’ disease is a precursor to hyperthyroidism. Named after the man who first discovered the condition, Robert Graves, this disease shares many immunologic features with autoimmune hypothyroidism (17). The most common symptoms that come with this disease are weight loss, fatigue, nervousness, and irregular heartbeats. This particular condition can be affected by a person’s age. Statistics show that the severity of different symptoms can increase as a person diagnosed with Graves’ disease grows older. This condition also makes people more susceptible to other autoimmune diseases and women who are diagnosed with Graves’ disease should refrain from becoming pregnant until their thyroid problems have been sufficiently treated.
Chronic diseases such as hyperthyroidism can be debilitating if not managed well. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland that secrets too much hormones throughout the body causing many different clinical manifestations within all systems. The thyroid gland is located right underneath the larynx also known as the voice box, and straddling the windpipe.