A Brief History Of Medical Imagining And Mri

MRI uses the body’s natural magnetic properties to formulate an image of the soft tissues. It does this by using the hydrogen atom nucleus which has a single proton and is a spinning charged particle. The human body is made up of 70% water, which is hydrogen and oxygen. Those hydrogen nuclei (protons) spin inside the body, creating their own magnetic field. They are orientated randomly and cancel each other out when no field is applied.

An MRI uses computer-generated radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce a detailed image of the brain. “MRIs are helpful in the diagnosis of tumors, eye diseases, infections, inflammation, and damage due to head injury” (Hill 2008). When getting an MRI, you lay on a table that slides into a tube, and they use computer-generated radio waves and a very strong magnetic field to see images of the brain. This test will allow the doctor to see two and three-dimensional images of your brain.

The MRI scanner is a large magnet that is 30,000 times stronger than the earth’s magnetic field. The force increases as a person or a ferromagnetic object move closer to the magnet. The strong magnetic field of the MR scanner is Always on even when the MR scanner is not in use.

Since the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, better known as the MRI scan, medical technology has taken a

Throughout the years, the medical field has evolved in so many ways and the world of radiography has been part of that evolution. Radiography has allowed professionals to enhanced diagnose by visualizing further than just with the naked eye. Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen had a massive breakthrough on November 8, 1895 discovering x-rays. Approximately a month after his discovery, he took the first radiograph of his wife’s left hand. Unclear at first about the discover he had made, he called this new invention x-ray, using x as unknown; but his colleagues to honor him named it, roentgen ray (Jones & Thomson, 2011, p.2). This revolution allowed to developed several radiograph equipment, such as computed tomography.

The use of machinery containing radioisotopes such as, MRI, CT, PET, X-RAY, and etc. aids in the process of diagnosis. The information doctors are able to access about a person’s functioning organs truly has changed the game of medicine.

Doctors can get highly refined images of the body’s interior without surgery using MRI. By using strong magnets and pulses of radio waves to manipulate the natural magnetic properties in the body, this technique makes better images of organs and soft tissues than those of other brain scanning technologies. MRI is particularly useful for imaging the brain and spine, as well as the soft tissues of joints and the interior structure of bones, as

Medical Imaging all started with radiography in 1895 when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays. Experimenting in a dark laboratory, with Crooks tubes wrapped in black cardboard, Roentgen notices light

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body. MRIs are largely used in the medical field today because of their ability to create detailed images of the human body which can be used for diagnostic purposes. In 1971 a paper in the journal Science Raymond Damadian, an American physician and professor at the Downstate Medical Center State University of New York reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He suggested that these differences could be used to diagnose cancer, though later research would find that these differences, while real, aren’t consistent enough for diagnostic purposes. Damadian 's initial methods were flawed for practical use, relying on a point-by-point scan of the entire body and using relaxation rates of the tissue in your body, which turned out not to be an effective indicator of cancerous tissue.

The human body consists of 70% of water. Water molecule composes of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The MRI machine can only detect hydrogen nuclei to compose an image. Hydrogen nuclei have a quantum physic property which is called “spin” that can be oriented in a certain way although they do not spin. However, the MRI machine has to use a strong magnetic field to detect the presence of the hydrogen nuclei. A strong magnetic field makes the “spin” to line-up along the magnetic field direction. Yet, some hydrogen nuclei line up in the direction of the magnetic field and some are not. The hydrogen nuclei with low energy are in the same direction of the magnetic field and the hydrogen nuclei with high energy are in the opposite direction

Imaging experiments were performed by using standard spin warp gradient echo sequence for MRI, except that each phase encoding step was preceded by an ESR saturation pulse to elicit the Overhauser enhancement. Fig.1 shows the pulse sequence started with the ramping of the B0 field to 7.53 mT for 14N labeled nitroxyl radical, followed by switching on the ESR irradiation. Then, the B0 was ramped up to 14.53 mT before the NMR pulse (617 KHz) and the associated field gradients were turned on. At the beginning or end of the cycle, a conventional (native) NMR signal intensity (with ESR OFF) was measured for computing the enhancement factors. A Hewlett-Packard PC (operating system, LINUX 5.2) was used for data acquisition. The images were reconstructed from the echoes by using standard software, and were stored in DICOM format (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). MATLAB codes were used for the computation of DNP parameters and curve fitting. Typical scan conditions were as follows, repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE): 2000 ms/25 ms; ESR irradiation time (TESR): 50 ~ 800 ms, in steps of 50 or 100 ms; RF power, 90 W. The reproducibility of the data was confirmed with several experiments. The DNP parameters and enhancement factors were obtained from the data set with good correlation (R2

MRI is another modern diagnostic imaging technique that produces cross-sectional images of our body. MRI works without radiation. The MRI tool uses magnetic fields and a sophisticated computer to take high-resolution pictures of our bones and soft tissues [18]. Fig. 1(a) shows few medical images of X-ray, CT scan and MRI.

The MRI is possible in the human body because our bodies are filled with small biological ?magnets?, the most abundant and responsive of these are the protons. The principal of the MRI is that it utilizes the random distribution of protons, which have basic magnetic properties. Once the patient is placed in the cylindrical magnet, the diagnosis process follows 3 steps. First, MRI

Another technique adopted by neuroscientists is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI unlike PET measures the brain structure rather than the activity. It is measured by the waves emitted from hydrogen atoms which are activated by the radio waves from the magnetic field that is passed over the head during the procedure (Pinel, 2011). This is detected by the scanner and is then altered into a structural image. MRI is a much more detailed scan compared to for example, CT scans, as they provide clearer images of the brain which makes it easier for neuroscientists to identify any abnormalities in brain structure. Furthermore, the technique has relatively high spatial resolution and it can produce images in three dimensions which can give a more advanced view into the brain (Martin, 2005). Moreover, MRI has led to the discovery of a number of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. For example, an MRI study found that compared to healthy subjects, schizophrenic patients showed smaller volumes of grey matter in the temporal lobe and smaller volumes of white matter in the frontal lobe. Schizophrenic patients also had a higher volume of

An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a scan that uses a system of techniques, involving magnetism, radio waves and a computer to generate detailed images of the human body. Essentially, it is a tube encased by a large circular magnet. The patient would be placed on a moveable bed, which is then inserted into the tube. The magnet then creates a strong magnetic field that aligns the protons of hydrogen atoms. These hydrogen atoms come from the human body, which is 50-65% H2O. These atoms are exposed to a beam of radio waves. This spins the various protons of the body. As they spin, they produce a slight