We utilized data from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF)(36), a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling women aged 65 years and older in 1986-1988 (SOF visit 1). In brief, 9,704 predominantly Caucasian older women were recruited from population-based listings in 4 locations in the United States as follows: Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Monongahela Valley (near Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania; and Portland, Oregon. Starting with the initial visit (visit 1), participants attended