Chapter One
1. Introduction
This is an introductory chapter which contains the background of the study that provides a brief overview of the study at the beginning. It gives hints about the concept of a culture of peace and emphasizes on the roles of education particularly higher education for the building of a culture of peace in Ethiopia. The second part of the chapter deals with the research problem statement followed by the basic research questions. Subsequently, the main and specific objectives of the study are also included followed by the rationale and contributions of the study. The focus of the study is also included in this chapter followed by organization of the dissertation. Finally, operational definitions of key terms are
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Recently, human casualties are also continuing in many countries in the world through violence and violent conflicts. In this regard, the UCDP conflict encyclopedia portrays that in recent years there are different kinds of conflicts in many countries of the world. In Africa, for instance, countries like Algeria, Central Africa Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda were engaged in one or more conflicts in 2012 (UCDP, 2015).
These violent conflicts occurred and were aggravated due to various reasons. Most of the sources of these conflicts are related to the problems of equality, justice, good governance, freedom, identity, human rights, cooperation and the utilization of scarce resources. These sources of violence ignite the development of some characteristics of a culture of war and violence such as inequality, injustice and authoritarian governance in the society which eliminates the basics of peacefulness. It is, however, impossible to think and visualize any meaningful human progress when the society is affected by injustice, inhumanity, poverty, hunger, illiteracy, disease and violence, and predominantly without peace and security. In this case, there is an urgent and enormous responsibility on responsible citizens to find appropriate solutions for these problems and to fulfill, or at least to satisfy the fundamental
Throughout history, our world has constantly been bruised and battered by civil turmoil. Today, the civil war in Syria decimates the country; the Israeli and Palestinian conflict rages on; tens of thousands of people have been killed in South Sudan's ongoing civil war. It is not always easy to isolate what exactly ignites the flames of war, but, whenever possible, finding a workable, calm and satisfying solution to a potential uprising is preferable.
The civil war ended and it was soon the beginning of many hardships. “The Problems of Peacemaking” discusses all of the problems with the Northerners and Southerners becoming peaceful after the war. President Abraham Lincoln did many things to try to get peace after the war. When he realized it wasn’t going to be easy, he decided that a “Reconstruction Plan” could maybe help them get peace. After the civil war the South didn’t have many things left because everything they had was destroyed almost completely. People living in the south wanted to regain it back but they soon realized it wasn’t that easy to do. The white southerners lost some land and their slaves but that was nothing compared to the black southerners. Black southerners lost everything when they left to get freedom, besides a little bit of clothing and a few possessions they took with them. Blacks and whites had completely different meanings of freedom. The whites wanted to control what they did without the government’s input, and the blacks wanted to get freedom from the whites. The whites wanted white supremacy which is, they wanted to be more superior. The blacks just wanted to be control and own things such as land. General William Sherman’s “Special Field Order No. 15” helped give 400,000 acres of land to 40,000 freed slaves. Other methods were produced to help slaves get land, one of the most famous was the Freedmen’s Bureau. The Freedmen’s Bureau gave slaves food, health care, clothing, and education. The whites of course, disagreed with the Bureau and would have disputes about it. The disputes were all settled by the Freedmen’s Bureau. General Howard created the “Circular 13” which helped lease 40 acre plots to slaves and hoped to later sell it to them. He also made the Southern Homestead Act that made 46 million acres for sell to slaves in many states. It was later repealed because people thought slaves were taking advantage of it. Republicans had say in what happened during the reconstruction. The conservatives and radicals disagreed on their views. The radicals were more harsh. All the conservatives said was that the south should just take what was happening and do nothing about it. The radicals wanted to take away some rights from a
There is an image in my mind of the perfect live I want to have. One aspect of the future life I want to live is being a doctor that is how I see myself in the future helping little new babies. I want to be a OBGYN because I really love to be around babies and I know that becoming an OBGYN is very difficult, but is a career that I am passion about and is a career that I am 100% sure I want to do. Becoming a OBGYN is the future I want to have and it relates to the book “The Anatomy of Peace” because in the story Lou´s wanted his son Cory to changed. That relates with me for two reasons because I want to become an OBGYN to help people, but also I want to changed my life to the be better and not have to struggle and Cory´s dad want him to changed
The novel, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles is an edge of the seat read and an American Classic. It takes place during World War II, which in itself can be enticing. Gene and Phineas create this emotional bond that cannot be broken but only strengthened. This novel teaches the world of what a reality check can truly be when in fact you don’t know what is truly around the next corner. Knowles creates the ultimate spine tingling book that will keep you in between the covers. From the novel, Gene is inspired by many, but the most influential person upon Gene is Phineas and here is a few reasons to my logic.
In a Western perspective, Africa is perceived as a poor, insecure, and violent continent. Although this statement is ignorant and disregards the multidimensional issues that are in each of the 54 countries, security and violence is a general issue in most African countries. African countries have not endured an easy history, and their history continues to create present conflicts. Their violent colonial past has left certain countries with ethnic rivalries and left their legacies with agents of security. Although the colonial past of African countries have been the leading cause of many of their current problems, they cannot be blamed for everything. Additionally, there is a positive correlated relationship between the state and the violence
In developing countries such as Sierra Leone and Sudan, there are many types of violence, propaganda, and corruption used to create this vulnerability, which leads to vicious cycles of displacement and war. The corruption that is present in these governments is rather significant and the fear that is instilled into civilians by the military or militia causes a power imbalance. Furthermore, the abuse of drugs and alcohol is caused by the lack of education in many of these developing countries. Civilians are persuaded to join these organizations with the use of drugs such and cocaine and crack. The lack of availability of education and awareness of the effects of such drugs puts civilians in a vulnerable position. Being born in certain developing countries comes with everlasting conflict, which commonly leads to vulnerable environments and further displacement. Most of the time these conflicts arise over natural resources, religion or contrasting political views. The current action being taken by foreign aid has had a very minor impact. New Statesman writer Dinaw Mengestu discusses African literature comparing past to present, “Growing up in the United States, I was acutely aware of how everything I saw and heard about my native Ethiopia was being translated...We died by the millions, and with the exception of a handful of thoughtful accounts by western journalists, little was said and done from the outside, and even less was uttered out loud from within” (Mengestu, 2007). This further reflects the issue of not being recognized on a global scale and being misinterpreted by the rest of society. In order to protect these civilians from the corruption, violence and propaganda, there is a need for further action. Firstly, this issue needs to be recognized and humanized by foreign governments. The amount of awareness needs to drastically increase in order for civilians and foreign
There is a war occuring, right in this moment, right in front of you. Much like a tender
The premise of this book The Anatomy of Peace is to help out those who may be going through some sort trial which involving not only themselves but a loved one. A lot of times when we may disagree with some other person we tend to almost dehumanize them just because of our different belief or different opinion on something. This tends to happen too often in our society now days and needs to be stopped, but the only way that we can do that is to acknowledge the fact that we are doing this in the first place.
The teachings of peace in Islam and Christianity are evident in the development of inner peace for the individual. Peace is not just the nonexistence of violence, conflict or war but encompasses a larger concept of factors such as healthy interpersonal or international relationships and social or economic wellbeing. Peace would be best understood as more a continuous goal rather than a fundamental fact. This implies that everlasting peace is united with religion. For both Christianity and Islam, inner peace is found by faithfully devoting one’s self to the will of God. These religions don’t just allow the individual to achieve inner peace, but also enable the individual to live at peace with others. The individual adherent is guided by the expressions of religious beliefs, to achieve/experience inner peace.
Violence plays a crucial role in the liberation of various African countries. The necessity of the violence, and the justifications for the violence are both highly debatable. However, knowing the prominent role that violence played in the initial colonization, is a justifiable and necessary act of the colonized peoples in the fight for their independence. War and violence played a large role in various political changes throughout history; often war is used as a tactic to force change, when all else has failed. The people of these African countries are using violence in much the same way, to take back their freedom. An oppressed people cannot be punished for their violent actions intended to take back their basic human rights. Especially when
Conflicts are exploding in several states of South Sudan from time to time. To this effect; women, children and elderly will continue to suffer. Thus, this study opts to answer the following questions. First, what are the root causes of the conflict which broke out in 2013? What are the impacts of 2013 South Sudan conflict? What role has IGAD played in resolving the conflict? What are the challenges that the sub-regional body IGAD faced in resolving South Sudan Conflict? How best can stability be
War in Syria, Ukraine, Gaza, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Nigeria is not over yet. More than half of all hospitals in Syria have been attacked and over a third are no longer functional and killed hundreds of health workers. War, civil unrest and terrorism can delay the global development such as education, health, poverty, and gender equality.
Although not impossible, it is much more difficult to continue to commit abuses on a large scale without the influx of new weapons and ammunition, either from abroad or through domestic production. Many human rights groups’ mandates do not extend to stopping wars, which conflicts with a policy of neutrality in all armed conflicts. Instead, advocates push for hostilities, when they occur, to be conducted according to international humanitarian law.
Conflicts in Africa, specifically in West African countries have been rampant for many years. As a result of these conflicts, loss of life and properties has been witnessed for a number of decades. Conflicts are as old as human kind. We can not avoid conflicts completely but they can be managed. Since human exhibits different behaviour and aspirations, this in most cases leads to conflicts. In West African countries, such conflicts have been fueled by a number of factors and individuals with different personal motives.
Since 2008, the global level of peacefulness has steadily declined. The most recent Global Peace Index report, which incorporates measures of negative and positive peace, reveals three causes for this deterioration : terrorist activity, the number of domestic and interstate armed conflict, and the intensity of the violence measured by the number of ensuing deaths as well as the number of internally displaced people. Consequences of conflict necessarily impact the environment and poverty and hunger which have a direct correlation with issues of social justice as per Gatlung’s positive peace theory. These findings continue to highlight the need to understand the risks of occurrence violent conflict, as well as the early warning signs of onset in order to address the underlying issues before civil wars erupt and degenerate into regional armed conflicts; thus affecting global security. Although G-8 nations and multiple international organizations (such as the United Nations, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Economic Community Of West African States, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, Association of Southeast Asian Nations International Monetary Fund, and the Wold Bank) are focused towards engaging in a war against terror as a result of the September 11, 2001 New York attacks, they have also committed to conflict prevention. Therefore evaluating the risks of civil war onset should also be a