I. Summary of Study The Rosanna Wong and Ying Hong study on cooperation and cultural priming tested whether recognized symbols of American and Chinese culture could influence frame-switching among bi-cultural participants. In other words, are frame-switching behaviors influenced by specific contexts or are both cultural behaviors simultaneously used across all situations regardless of the context. Wong and Hong reviewed over 10 other studies of previous research to get an accurate understanding of the effects of culture priming on cultural specific behavior. As a result, the review of the previous research has lead them to two separate hypotheses. One, bi-cultural participants would be more likely to cooperate with friends when their …show more content…
There were 3 different priming conditions to the experiment and 2 different context levels that were used to measure the three dependent variables. The 3 priming conditions were Chinese symbolism, American symbolism, and neutral geometric drawings. All hundred and seventy-one participants are randomly assigned one of the 3 priming conditions. Next, all participants are asked to play a game of Prisoner Dilemma that focuses on cooperation or separation of individuals. Three dependent variables are measured. The choice of cooperation versus going at it on their own. The expectation of cooperation from each game of partners. Lastly, the motivation to maximize cooperation benefits.
IV. Procedure The participants were culturally primed randomly by presenting seven slides of either Chinese or American culture symbols such as, a Chinese dragon or American flag (Wong & Hong, 2005). For these two experimental conditions, the participants were asked questions that indicated that the participants knew the symbols and what ideas they represented culturally. The participants in the control group were shown geometric shapes and asked to trace those shapes on a paper that was provided, which indicated they understood what shapes they were looking at. Next, all the participants were asked to play a game that involved separation or cooperation to win. There were two separate conditions of the way this game was played. One condition, the players played with complete strangers, and
Richard Rodriguez article, “The Chinese in All of Us (1944)”, argues that many different cultures have contributed to making up the American culture. Rodriguez backs up this claim by sharing
“Being WEIRD: How Culture Shapes the Mind,” by Ethan Watters, is a compelling article that challenges the reader’s perception on culture and cognition. Instead of cognition affecting culture, our culture affects our cognition. It’s interesting to conceptualize, and it makes one have to introspect their culture, beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Why do we do behave the way that we do? Are our thoughts our own? How much of us is influenced by our environment? This effect of culture can be rooted in our childhoods. We are taught societal norms and how to view, categorize, and perceive the world through the lens of the environment surrounding us. A prime example of this comes from the games we played growing up.
In Communications Between Cultures individualism and collectivism are described by researchers as “self-orientation versus collective orientation as one of the basic pattern variables that determine human action.” These differences can be found in family life, school, and workplace
The Prisoner’s Dilemma is an extremely popular game and way of thinking about social interactions and also economics. It judges how people work together and against each other. It helps us understand what governs the balance between cooperation and competition in business, in politics, and in social settings. The two players in the game can choose between two moves, either 'cooperate' or 'defect'. The idea is that each player gains when both cooperate, but if only one of them cooperates, the other one, who defects, will gain more. If both defect, both lose. The whole game situation and its different outcomes can be summarised with the example provided below, hypothetical situations are imagined with the example below
The culture in which we were raised in has a big impact on who we are and how we behave. Our culture effects things such as how we dress, the way we interact with others, and our manners such as what we may or may not find funny or what we may find offensive or weird. In the Ethan Watters Article “Being WEIRD: How Culture Shapes the Mind” we see examples of how being raised in different cultures affects our decisions and the way we perceive things. For example, in the ultimatum game (which is played by giving the first player $100 dollars, he can then offer player 2 any amount of the $100 but if the second player rejects the money they both end up with nothing) we can see how differently Machiguengans and Americans were likely to play. We
Read carefully the following piece of text. What does it tell us about cross cultural encounters?
When I came to America from China at age 16, everyone around me appeared to be different. However, I didn’t just talk to my Chinese friends. I pushed myself outside of my bubble; I tried my best to make friends with American students, while I still maintained good relationships with my Chinese friends. America is very different from what I expected, everyone speaks so fast and unclear; it almost made English a completely different language from what I had already learned. As I was trying to make friends, I realized that Chinese culture had made me different from Americans; things that I was curious about as a Chinese person were very private to American students. For example, in America, people won’t mention what their parents’ jobs are when they meet someone for the first time.
The primary fascinating certainty I saw amid the investigation was the way rapidly we adjusted to another culture and began to feel a sense of generalization towards the other culture, marked by prejudices. When we began the test, I thought it would be harder for us to adapt to another culture. However, we started to act and act like we were relied upon to do in our way of life within a brief timeframe. Also when we went to visit Beta culture, we quickly began to generalization them. This experience gave me knowledge that generalization is regularly done in intuitive personality. Somebody may contemplate another culture is entirely right. In any case, likely that individual is simply stereotyping in a subliminal mind. While the Alpha culture
Over the years there have been several dubious psychology experiments. These experiments were created to further the study of the human mental processes. One of the best-known experiments is the Stanford Prison Experiment. This experiment was conducted to analyze the human behavior through the symbolic interactionist perspective. As the experiment was observed, researchers examined all the various measures on how symbolic interactionism was tying in.
This essay is an investigation of the application from the Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment to some similar scenarios that demonstrate the same or similar findings found within the Stamford Prison Experiment that were influenced by external factors and influences. The Stamford Prison Experiment was conducted to investigate how subtle people are to conform to roles of the guard and prisoner in a mock prison environment and if the behaviours were influenced by the environment or by sadistic personalities of guards (McLeod, 2016). There are several factors that influence good guards to not question orders from bad guards and a few of these factors will be outlined in this essay. The first topic that will be discussed is the similarities of
According to Dynamic influences of culture on cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma (2005) by Wong & Hong, cultural symbols affect people’s behavior in specific situational contexts. In order to substantiate this hypothesis, the authors used a three by two between-subjects method, with one hundred and seventy-one participants. In the study, the independent variable was icons, either from American, Chinese, or neutral backgrounds. Additionally, the three dependent variables studied were cooperation versus defect, expectation of cooperation, and motivation to maximize join outcome (Wong & Hong, 430).
In this article, Martin Powers argues that it is a problem when humans believe they only have one identity. This binary mindset creates a sense of “us versus them” outlook on others—that is, you either are or aren’t part of a group. According to Powers, “cultural politics” is when people describe their own cultures in a competitive manner to belittle other nations. Nations maintain authority by coming up with myths that boost their reputation, and this persuades their own ethnic group to feel more passionate towards their identity. One way to encourage cultural narratives is through art. Powers says these narratives are “strategic and opportunistic” because it does not matter if the people telling these myths actually
Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. It includes ideas, values, and artifacts of groups of people (Schaefer, 2006). Understanding culture can be tricky, ever ask “why do people act the way they do?”, “what made me do that”, “what was I thinking?” Physical abilities, educational background, and social background of how I was raised are important aspects of my life. The environment in which I was raised is very important aspect of my life.
Culture is fundamental to understanding human experience. It makes the world inspiring, entertaining, enables effective communication, and influences most factors of modern life, so it’s no surprise that psychologists are interested in the impact it has. Sociocultural psychology and cross- cultural psychology are two different approaches that explore cultural experience. The two disciplines, though different in their definitions of cultural impact, share many of the same goals and ideas, and can arguably offer great insight to the other approach. The potential for collaboration between the two disciplines to garner a rich insight into personal and social cultural influence means that the two approaches are by no means incompatible, and their compatibility can offer a wealth of positive contribution to psychological research.
The term “behavior” refers one’s acts dominated by ideology in response to certain situations. Behavior derives from the long development of culture in which people are defined what is supposed to act based on the identity given. In other words, one’s behavior sometimes is the demonstration of one’s identity. Living in a multi-culture world, people from various cultures may behave totally different toward a situation or stimulus. Western and eastern cultures typically reflects the point of behavioral differentiations among distinct cultures. The United States, as a superpower established in last hundreds of years, possesses distinguishing features of western culture such as open and liberty. Meanwhile, China is an eastern country with an ancient civilization stands for conservative culture. Therefore, as represents of these two cultures, the United States and China are appropriate examples to explore the behavioral differentiations, and the differences in behavior can be well demonstrated through daily behaviors like classroom, driving and dining.