Abstract: It is a well known widely accepted fact that the static spectrum allocation has led to the under exploitation of the available frequency band. This problem can be mitigated by cognitive radio technology. It is a concept which with its learning ability is aware about its environment and intelligently adapts to it with objectives like reliable communication, efficient utilization of spectrum and minimal or no interference among users.
Various techniques have been suggested in the research works to access the spectrum dynamically in a cognitive radio environment. These techniques basically use the concepts of Artificial Intelligence. Game theory, Markov chain models, Auctioning, Neural Networks, Multi Agent Systems and Fuzzy Logic approaches
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Fuzzy logic is an attractive technique particularly in cases where target problems are difficult to model with traditional mathematical models, but are easier to understand by human at the same time With the characteristic of future cognitive radio in mind, the capability of fuzzy logic offer good potential to be applied. Instead of using complicated mathematical formulations, fuzzy logic uses human-understandable fuzzy sets and inference rules (e.g. IF, THEN, ELSE, AND, OR, NOT) to obtain the solution that satisfies the desired system objectives. The main advantage of fuzzy logic is its low complexity. Therefore, fuzzy logic is suitable for real-time cognitive radio applications in which the response time is critical to system performance. A fuzzy logic control system can be used to obtain the solution to a problem given imprecise, noisy, and incomplete input information. In general, there are three major components in a fuzzy logic control system: fuzzifier, fuzzy logic processor, and defuzzifier (Figure 4.4). While the fuzzifier is used to map the crisp inputs into fuzzy sets, the fuzzy logic processor implements an inference engine to obtain the solution based on predefined sets of rules. Then, the defuzzifier is applied to transform the solution to the crisp output. Fuzzy logic is often used in decision making to select the best suited SU for spectrum access at a given time. This technique when combined with neural networks is used in CR networks, multihop routing or for detecting unauthorized
Cellular communications is such a large aspect of today’s industries, and with the number of consumers already with cell phones drastically increasing all the time, it is good to think about the future, and maybe making the customers you already have, happy and content. There are only so many “new” customers you can gain in today’s market. Phone
ABSTRACT- An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information [1]. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) also called neuro-computing, or parallel distributed processing (PDP), provide an alternative approach to be applied to problems where the algorithmic and symbolic approaches are not well suited. The objective of the neural network is to transform the inputs into meaningful outputs. There are many researches which show that brain store information as pattern. Some of these patterns are very complicated and allows us to recognize from different angles. This paper gives a review of the artificial neural network and analyses the techniques in terms of performance.
This example focuses on the use of satellite networking, to broadcast the signal from the satellite, to the ground station. This type of technology involves the use of Zigbee at small distances, and WiMax for greater distances.
Developing reconfigurable filter for overlay and underlay CR would be the effective solution for sensing and sharing by ensuring security. This would start by studying techniques employed in the design of UWB filters. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 brings out the theory of UWB and Cognitive Radio. Filter geometries and performances are discussed in Chapter 3. Section 4 compares the results of existing developed filters available in the literature. Section 5 concludes the
Did you know radios are actually bad and useless well let me tell you why they are useless. Radios are known for many good things like listening to the news, music,and even the people who joke around all the time. You may not know this but there are some bad things about the radio. The person who found these facts were Jim Surman the site were i found the facts were smartbiz.com the radio is good in some ways and bad in other ways,
The market for wireless communications has experienced incredible growth over recent years and wireless LANs have rapidly become a very
5. Describe the frequency spectrum for the DSSS channels in 802.11b wireless networking (6 points).
With new technological advancements being made every day, there are bound to be changes in everyday technologies. Radio has had to face some of those technological advances head on. Through the good and the bad radio has changed from where it began.
The purpose of this article was to show the connection of individual operated radio stations in specific areas. Researchers hypothesize that radio broadcast will stay precious.
Between the telephone and the telegraph, one object sits perfectly between, claiming the award for best electrical invention. The modern day radio is a perfect hybrid between these two extravagant things. Of course, many inventions are to be thanked for leading the way to this timeless possession, and the same can be said about the radio itself. Still used today, the applications are endless.
Wireless networking hardware requires the use of underlying technology that deals with radio frequencies as well as data transmission. The most widely used standard is 802.11 produced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). This is a standard defining all aspects of Radio Frequency Wireless networking
From the above model we can make an overall idea about fuzzy logic system.Crisp input is dump into the’ Fuzzifier’..All those input should be defined as “set of input with different fuzzy ideas or beliefs”.All the input sets will be sent to Inference Engine which is connected with different fuzzy rules which are nothing but some if-else statement.These if-else statement are used to define different situations or conditions.So it is very obvious that we can impose different condition to the fuzzy input sets.The main objective inference engine is matching the input data with different if else statement and produce the fuzzy output.Next,all the sets of fuzzy output will be sent to the Defuzzifier for the optimization of the given output sets
Artificial intelligence is a concept in computer science in which scientist develop programs to possess intelligent human characteristic such as the ability of human cognition. Artificial Intelligence (A.I) has developed over many years and has incorporated into our daily lifestyle; these include voice recognition/ assistance such as Siri and Cortana. Another example is our interactive devices to flying drones to Amazon Prime for delivery. They use Wi-Fi-sensors to control the activity of drone to perform certain actions such as delivering packages and much more.
If the model is not known then it is impossible to achieve the stability of the controller system.
backdrop of FM broadcasting and its use in society. It will continue by providing the