Advantages And Disadvantages Of Futurisation

* If the contract were to require new fixed costs in addition to variable costs at 10 % the total Margin cost would be $ 79,524 which would be a substantial increase of $8,056 from question 1

Hedging is a significant measure of financial risk management. Since the 1970s, the increasing number of powerful companies started to control the risk of the exchange rate, the interest rate and commodity by using financial derivatives. ISDA (2013) based on the Global 500 Annual Report 2012 survey found that 88 percent of companies use foreign exchange derivatives. Modigliani & Miller (1958) believed that if the financial markets were under perfect conditions, for instance, there was no agency costs, asymmetric information, taxes and transaction costs, hedging would not increase the company 's value because investors can hedge by themselves. However, a large number of practical studies have shown that hedging is beneficial

It is the ratio of futures position relative to the spot position that minimizes the variance of the position.

This can be seen through the positive correlation of 0.59601630 from the use of options contracts from May 1991. Also, the overall correlation is effected and yields a correlation of 0.18316670 which indicates that the hedging program was not applied to minimize risk. This is further supported by the fact that the variance of the unhedged cash flow is smaller than the variance of the hedged cash flow as shown in the below table.

What is a swap file? How does the computer use this file? What information might be found there?

TD Bank expectation for interest rate risk is to ensure that earnings are stable and predictable over time (TD 2014, 86). The bank adopted a disciplined hedging approach to manage the net interest income from assets and liabilities. The key aspects of this approach are as follows, “evaluating and managing the impact of rising or falling interest rates on net interest income and economic value, and developing strategies to manage overall sensitivity to rates across varying interest rate scenarios, measuring the contribution of each TD product on a risk-adjusted, fully-hedged basis, including the impact of financial options such as mortgage commitments that are granted to customers and, developing and implementing strategies to stabilize net interest income from all retail banking products (TD 2014, 86). “The bank becomes exposed to interest rate risk when their assets and liability principal and interest cash flows have different interest payments or maturity dates” (TD 2014, 86). This is called mismatched positions

Wayne thinks that the gross margin may shrink to 27.5 percent because of higher purchase prices. He is concerned about what impact this will have on borrowings. Because share prices move frequently, and company is exposed to the risk that the shares might fall in value. If margins decrease it a chance that they could possible impact them receiving loans. Being that there was an increase in sales there could mean a decline in customer or bringing in more customers.

Analyze the risk associated with exchange-traded derivatives, such as futures and options, and what brokers might do to minimize the risk to investors.

Banks take deposits from savers and pay interest on these accounts. They receive interest on loans when they pass these funds on to borrowers. The spread between the rate they pay for funds and the rate they receive from borrowers is where their profits are derived from. This practice of combining deposits from many sources which can be lent to many borrowers forms a interchange of funds

The best futures contract for hedging a cash market risk exposure is one whose price sensitivity to interest rate changes is as close as possible to the sensitivity of the cash market risk exposure to interest rate changes. The higher the correlation between the interest rate on the futures contract and the interest rate in the spot market, the higher the immunization achieved against the losses / gains from the interest rate risk. Thus, the best futures

But, even though the possibility of winning exists, the company is exposed to a greater risk if it does not hedge. Moreover, the policy of the company is to ensure against the risk, not to speculate on the foreign exchange market.

Purchasing options, forward, or future contracts. In this way the bank can reduce the uncertainty in the future by entering into an agreement with set terms for a specific date. Thus, if the interest rate moves in an unfavorable direction, the bank has the option to use these tools in order to mitigate the impact of the change on its balance sheet.

* Stock prices change only when there is new info- cannot be predicted ahead of time

This can happen in the case of mismatch. It happens when some assets or liabilities are fair valued but connected liabilities or assets are not fair valued. When firms hold long-term debt with fixed interest rates and may also hold fixed interest bearing securities of similar amount and maturity. If the interest rates vary the fair value of the interest bearing securities will also vary in the

From its definition it can be noticed that hedging is a strategy employed by companies in an effort to safeguard their economic position and to prevent the company from the losses which are associated with the unforeseen risks. Companies can hedge against risks which are associated with losses by taking control of their future purchases. The commodity prices vary in different markets and are caused or influenced by different economic factors. Some commodities are very scarce and with the increased depletion subject to the global demand in different foreign markets, the prices are set to be hiked in response to the established demand which positions the companies that use those particular commodities to have cash flow problems.