Americas ' Effects On Homeland Security

Between February 2001 and April 2003, many were completed by approximately 9,282 Americans, 18 years of age or above, completed a survey that was conducted by The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). According to The National Comorbidity Survey Replication study, 5,692 Americans were diagnosed with PTSD. However, this research used the DSM-4 criteria. It was estimated that the lifetime prevalence was about 6.8% for Americans in young adulthood. This was a jump from the previous year at 3.5%. The lifetime prevalence for women was higher, at 9.7%, than it was for men at 3.6%. “Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Delmer, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., & Walters, E.E. (2005).”

Today, domestic terrorism is one of the major threats to the national security of the US. Since 9/11, the US intelligence services and law enforcement agencies viewed international terrorism as the major threat to the public security of the US but the threat of domestic terrorism has been underestimated. At any rate, American law enforcement agencies conduct active campaigns to prevent international terrorism but domestic terrorism become a serious threat to the national security of the US. In such a way, the US needs to develop effective strategies to prevent the rise of domestic terrorism. Otherwise, the US may face a threat of the consistent growth of domestic terrorism as do some European countries, such as the UK, for instance. Therefore, law enforcement agencies should focus their attention on the prevention of domestic terrorism because, even though domestic terrorism is unseen, it may be even more dangerous than international terrorism. Domestic terrorists undermine the country from within, while international terrorists attack the US from the outside and the US can raise barriers to protect Americans from the foreign threat, while domestic terrorism needs effective work of law enforcement agencies nationwide. Therefore, domestic terrorism is a serious threat to the national security of the US and American law enforcement agencies along legislators and the public have to unite their efforts in the struggle against domestic terrorism.

Domestic terrorism has played a major part in shaping the societies of the United States. The ideologies of individuals can become radicalized. This can lead to a movement. This movement involves the infliction of fear upon the communities, in attempt to make it a better world. It is critical to examine the events created by one man’s extreme ideologies in effort to better understand.

In September 11, 2001, the United States recalled this day as a day of tragedy, sadness, terrorism, and trauma. The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center not only took the lives of people, but it also gave the individuals who survived and experienced the event post traumatic stress disorder after the event. This topic has been studied and interviews have been conducted with those individuals who had Unmet Mental Health Care Need 10 - 11 years after the tragic event collecting the results from 2011 - 2012 World Trade Center Health Registry. Unmet Mental Health Care Need 10 - 11 years after the 9/11 terrorist

When someone hears about Post Traumatic Stress disorder, they assume it only affects those in active duty or military veterans. However, it can affects those who have seen natural disasters, severe child abuse and horrible events. The national comorbidity survey replications did a survey on how many people in the US have PTSD they say, “(NCS-R), conducted between February 2001 and April 2003, comprised interviews of a nationally representative sample of 9,282 Americans aged 18 years and older. PTSD was assessed among 5,692 participants, using DSM-IV criteria. The NCS-R estimated the lifetime prevalence of PTSD among adult Americans to be 6.8% (1). Current past year PTSD prevalence was estimated at 3.5% (2).The lifetime prevalence of PTSD among men was 3.6% and among women was 9.7%.

Terrorism has had a profound affect on the world, as it has inspired fear and despair in the hearts of millions of people. Specifically in the United States, where in certain circumstances U.S. citizens will carry out acts of terror to further their own cause. Domestic terrorism has taken roots in many aspects of society through certain ideological groups, radicalization through media, and by acts of terror that cause immense civil unrest.

The american public was affected heavily after the events of 9/11. They reacted differently but overall they had all a negative effect not only on the muslim community but any who look the par

Cebula defines “sanctuary cities” as cities, “…that enact statutes not requiring public officials, especially police, to report suspected undocumented immigrants to federal officials.” Cebula explains that sanctuary cities, “…afford greater personal freedom for undocumented immigrants because they can experience a significant degree of protection from being detained, incarcerated, processed, and potentially then deported.” President Trump’s Executive Order 13768 seeks to bring an end to sanctuary cities by cutting federal grant money to those cities unless they work together with ICE and comply with their detainer requests. Further, President Trump has enabled ICE to deport more immigrants by increasing the Department of Homeland Security’s

Many people, especially among those directly exposed, were likely to develop long-lasting mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Long-term studies found that young children with direct exposure to 9/11 had significantly high rates of aggression, anxiety, depression, and sleep problems. Adolescents, who are more likely to understand what had happened, and mothers of children, were also affected greatly. Elevated rates of depression in New York City adolescents and mothers were found a year after 9/11. Mothers’ psychological problems also affected their children. Whether a mother had PTSD or depression was linked to rates of behavior problems in children. From these studies, it has been concluded that the most vulnerable were young children. However, direct exposure has been shown to play a small, yet significant role on the severity of the mental health problems prevalent in people of all

The safety of American citizens was extremely questioned in the years following 9/11. Most Americans believed that the country was completely safe and secure. However, 9/11 brought the reality that we are not completely free at all. In return, this created mass national confusion as to why someone didn't like the United States. Because of safety concerns, a more vulnerable society was fashioned. Citizens felt unprotected, scared, and bare of security. Thanks to departments and programs such as the TSA and the Department of Homeland Security, safety was reinstated. Another unfortunate social impact was the diagnosing of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Doctors found a sharp rise in the number of PTSD patients post-9/11 with loved ones, firefighters, bystanders, police officers, Trade Center Workers, and many others. Most patients were found to be involved with “Ground Zero”, or, the area in which the towers had collapsed. At least 10,000 people exposed to the terrorist attack have been found to have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, an extreme psychological damage to society. Roughly 4.3 billion dollars has been spent treating this disorder through the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act. “The terrorist attacks of 9/11 have brought a substantial and enduring burden of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on those people who lost loved ones, as well as firefighters and recovery workers.” - Yuval Neria, Laura

Since September 1, 2001, America has been involved in warfare in the Middle East with over 2.2 million men and women serving in combat zones experiencing more tours, higher levels of perceived risk and more cultural integration within ranks than ever seen in history (Crocker, Powell-Cope, Brown & Besterman-Dahan, 2014). According to Clark-Hitt, Smith and Broderick (2012) 14% of returning veterans are diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) which they define as “an anxiety disorder that may occur following exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened”. In a military setting these events could consist of an environment of repeated bombing or threat of death, watching a comrade die, killing another human-being, even witnessing immoral violence on a daily basis. According to work done by Polusny et al. (2008) exposure to traumatic events can be a contributor to the perception of a lesser health status, an increase in physical health illness and increasing health care utilization and cost. Polusny et al. (2008) focused their research on the relationship between natural disaster trauma and physical health with a finding that natural disasters that produce PTSD symptom clusters do effect an individual’s physical health as well as the health care of the effected community for some time after said disaster. This paper however focuses on PTSD as it pertains to physical symptoms of American soldiers

With many nations on high alert, The United States must act on tighter immigration laws. Implementing Homeland Security after 9/11 was a start, but it has not been enough. With the most recent terrorist attacks in San Bernardino, and The Boston Marathon proves are system is broken. The continuous attacks of terror in Paris, Pakistan, and Brussels within the last several months our government must act now before it's to late before another 9/11 happens.

The evolution of homeland security concept has been connected with several strategic documents. There are 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, 2010 National Security Strategy and the 2011 National Strategy for Counterterrorism. There are also strategic documents that provide specific guidance to DHS entities and include the 2010 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, the Bottom-Up Review, and the 2012 Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan. Prior to issuance of these documents, national and DHS homeland security strategic documents included the 2002 and 2007 National Strategies for Homeland Security and the 2008 Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan. All of these documents have varying definitions for “homeland security” and varying missions derived from these

PTSD was originally conceptualized as a disorder of combat veterans. Unfortunately, societies all over the world are being more and more exposed to war and its effects due to the increase of worldwide terrorism. The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 (9/11), exemplified a blend of extreme violence and man-made disaster previously confined to the battlefield. For American’s terrorism was a new phenomena that brought the atrocities of war to American cities. It is estimated that over 100,000 people directly witnessed the events of that day, millions more around the world were exposed to horrifying scenes through the media (Perlman, et. al., 2011). The attacks were followed by the continued threat of ensuing attack and the prospect of a global war. Based on data obtained after the 1995 bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City, previously the deadliest act of terrorism in America, it was predicted that in approximately 35 percent of those directly exposed to the 9/11 would develop PTSD (Perlman, et. al., 2011).

One hundred twenty-four New York City residents were asked to participate in a study after the attacks on September 11, 2001. This study predicted the symptoms of PTSD on those who were indirectly exposed to the 9/11 incident, while also focusing on the worries that people had about future terrorist attacks. The suggestion that the researches had come up with and hopped to prove was individuals with greater direct exposure would have more symptoms of a stress related disorder than those who had less direct