Christopher Marlowe’s poem “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” is widely understood to be a combination of pastoral and carpe diem poetry that invites its subject, with the incentives of gifts and paradise, to join its speaker in a natural utopia—it embodies the trend of poetry and invention through pastoral imagination. In comparison, Walter Ralegh’s “The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd” is on the side of reason and philosophy, widely recognized as a refuting reply that uses Marlowe’s own structure against him to reject the Shepherd’s invitation. The question then becomes, if Ralegh’s response is rooted in logic and meant to discredit Marlowe’s work, why is it crucial that it be written in the exact same form? Ralegh’s choice to directly mirror Marlowe’s poetry allows for reinterpretation and subtle tweaking of the piece, so as to respond to it in the most critical way. “The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd” mirrors, repeats, and slightly alters aspects of the original work to use Marlowe’s own words and structure to critique both its content and essence as a poem. Every instance of similarity and every subtle change made to Marlowe’s poem is precise and purposeful, demonstrating the power of language and the critical ability of poetic reinterpretation. At first glance, the form is identifiably the same, possibly leading the reader to believe the two poems are doing the same amount of poetic work—this is not the case. The initial stanzas function differently, setting the
Ralegh conveys this somber realization through his plain style of verse. Though he describes the mistress in detail, she is not the subject of his poem. Ralegh uses Love’s mistress and her destruction as a vehicle to address the destructive nature of Time. He approaches that subject in the plain style, using short, proverbial phrases intended to make the reader aware of time and mutability. The poem contains several lines that are made entirely of one-syllable words, which draw out the time it takes to read the line. Contrast lines 31-32 in “Nature, that washed her hands in milk” with lines 8 and 10 in Christopher Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” (p. 989). Marlowe describes the land in which he lives, where “Melodious birds sing madrigals,” and beds are made of “a thousand fragrant posies”. Marlowe’s verse sounds quick and light when spoken, simply because he uses fewer words in an eight-syllable line. Ralegh, in contrast, often uses seven or eight words to fill the same eight-syllable line: “Oh, cruel Time! which takes in trust/Our youth, our joys, and all we have…” Line 32 especially requires that the reader take more time to pronounce each syllable, which adds weight to each word.
Marlowe’s perspective on nature is a rather positive one, and with the use of imagery and structure he explains to the reader why his perspective is so. This can be seen when Marlowe states “And we will sit upon the rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals.” In the stanza that has been presented, Marlowe uses very delicate examples of nature to persuade the reader that nature can provide for humanity, as the examples make it seem as so. In addition Marlowe also uses a very calming rhyme scheme to support his perspective. He uses this to persuade the reader that that is what nature is, very calm and delicate. The use of rhyme scheme also allows for a very nice flow throughout the poem, giving the readers a more enjoyable experience when reading. With the use of both imagery and structure, Marlowe is easily able to support his perspective upon nature.
The theme of matrimony in the Wife of Bath’s Prologue as well as in the Miller’s Tale does not fit in with traditional fourteenth-century culture. The characters in these two texts turn what is suppose to be a sacred unity into a promiscuous and taboo fantasy for pilgrims. The characters narrating these two tales promote the idea of what fourteenth-century canon law would define as adultery—to have had a third lover while married is the new societal trend for the characters in these tales. And so, marriage becomes a component to the larger fantasy of having a relationship with a character who is already in a marital bond, i.e., cuckolding is a fetish for Alisoun in the Wife of Bath’s Prologue as well as for Nicholas and Absolom in the Miller’s Tale. That is, Alisoun’s pursuit of her lover Jankin while being married, promotes the idea that having a third partner amplifies one’s sexual life, meanwhile, Nicholas’s and Absalom’s quarrel over (a different) Alison encourages the idea that engaging with a married someone enhances the gratification of adultery. In other words, marriage is not portrayed as a scared bond, but as a device to fulfill a pilgrim’s sexual fantasy; and, this new fantasy is what the pilgrims try to make a trend throughout England. Note that I will be using the name, “Alisoun,” to represent the wife from Bath, and I will be using the name, “Alison,” to portray the wife in the Miller’s Tale.
A slightly different approach to a proclamation of love is conveyed in the third poem, by Christopher Marlowe. He, despite having the same aim as the poet in the first poem, seeks a far more realistic approach, and seems to try to win his loves over by being truthful and presenting her with the truth. However he does this in such a manner, that the poem seems to contain a touch of sarcasm in it.
The primary method for judging the worth of a piece of literature is its organic unity or the complex way all the elements of a test contribute to a story’s meaning. The images, symbols, and metaphors in Ellison’s “Battle Royal” give this story a whole new meaning. In 1947, when this short story was published, the black community was at an all-time low. The main aspects of this piece have ambiguous meanings behind them. The grandfather’s death scene, the naked dancer, the battle royal, the narrator’s speech, and the narrator’s dream all have significant symbolism.
By looking closely at both poems, you can see that Marlowe’s poem is based on the Shepherd confessing his love to a woman and Sir Raleigh’s poem is based on the response from the woman. Both Writers used the flock of sheep in their poem, Marlowe wrote “And we set upon the rock/ seeing shepherds feed their flocks” and in response from Sir Raleigh the woman says “Time drives the flocks from field the fold”. The “love” the shepherd has for her is more like lust than love. The shepherd is not thinking about the future and what is to come to him, he is just living in the moment. So when he said they would sit and look at the flock he did not take into consideration that as time passes the flock begins to move to different fields, as will his feelings.
The strong imbalances between Raleigh and Marlowe, makes them even more comparable but only, when you can truly spot their magnificent similarities. Both born in England despite how close they were, had completely different lives growing up. Raleigh coming from a family of four brothers differs a lot more than from a family of nine. It was a much calmer environment for Raleigh as his four brothers were all younger than him. As for Marlowe growing was like a hen for chickens, crowded and obnoxious. Yet despite the differences in their families, in the long run they come together as writers. Raleigh ends up marrying a women secretly and is tossed in the Tower of London where he later dies, Marlowe was killed in a brawl, so both were obviously not killed by natural causes but by the decisions they decided to make. They were so close that Raleigh interrupts one of Marlowe’s most famous poems “The Nymph’s reply”. Despite the altering differences between these educated writers, in the future life, both shall find out their true passion for writing. Having been from the same time period, though exhibiting completely different backgrounds, both writers acknowledged each other by connecting through their passion for writing.
If we see further, at the very first beginning of the poem, Marlowe shows the influence of Greek mythological in his narrative poem. It is because
Raleigh uses same rhyme scheme and the same number of stanzas as Marlowe, but uses negative rhyming words to show bad things about nature. Raleigh does this to contradict Marlowe, and to use similarity in structure to make is point stronger. To replicate Marlowe's poem, it makes Raleigh able to have a strong counter argument against Marlowe. To continue, these similarities that Raleigh uses is ironic; the irony that he would make his poem look similar to Marlowe, just to express his view on nature. There is multiple similarities in their poems; rhyme scheme, meter, stanzas, and etc. Raleigh’s poem is a replica built to mock Marlowe’s poem. Raleigh sees nature as something that can’t win love, and his views is what his poem is mainly
Christopher Marlowe is a very accomplished writer that has been an unquestionable influence on play writing. He wrote poems that are still as popular and relevant today as they were back when Marlowe wrote them (Leech). Marlowe’s writing career was a short-lived on that lasted only six years as a result of his short-lived life because he died at the young age of just twenty-nine (Leech). He writing career might have then cut short but it was a strong and influential one than was full of experiential writing and memorable text (“Christopher Marlowe Biography”). Marlowe was negatively affected by others around him as a result of the desire to be loved and accepted by others around him and it ended in his demise.
Debora B. Schwartz in her article, "Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Comedy" highlights the fact that the major themes which are typically discussed in pastoral poetry include: "love and seduction;… the corruption of the city or court vs. the ‘purity’ of idealized country life…" (par. 2). In the poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love," the theme of the "'purity' of idealized country life" is explored when the male persona attempts to use words which conjure up images of an paradise which he and his love interest can escape to sexually gratify each other. The male persona entices his love interest to "come live" with him and be his love (l. 1). He desires that he and his lover's "prove" the various "pleasures" that "woods or steepy mountain yields" (ll. 2, 4). This argument is rebuffed by the female persona in the poem, "The Nymph's Reply to Her Husband," when she states the following: "Time drives the flocks from field to fold, /When rivers rage and rocks grow cold" (ll. 5-6). It should be noted that these lines reflect the following lines of Marlowe's poem: "And we will sit upon the rocks, / seeing the shepherds feed their flocks/ by shallow rivers…" (ll. 5-7). The female persona undermines the shepherd's idealization of the countryside and pastoral life since the passage of time, depicted by the seasons, will change the characteristics of these things described so positively by the male persona in Marlowe's poem.
The Passionate Shepherd and The Nymph’s Reply are two very intriguing poems with two different viewpoints on Love, Nature, Time, and the Materialistic world. In this comparative essay you will understand how two people love each other unconditionally, but have divergent views on how to love one another.
Ellis-Fermor considers that in Tamburlaine, “there is much that is not effective rhetoric.” In this case, Marlowe’s images are not in harmony with the emotions forming the background of the passage and serve rather to illustrate them than to imply any association. There is no harmony between the individual image and its setting. The imagery in Tamburlaine does not lack power, though it is most effective when one rhetorical image leads on to another. Tamburlaine’s description of his triumph in the last act of Part I is an example of such effective, cumulative series of little pictures which according to Ellis-Fermor “no one… can be picked out as having the quality of poetry.” There are showers of blood and meteors in Africa, there are mentions of Jove, the Furies and Death, dead kings lie at Tamburlaine’s
The second poem is another love poem ‘The Passionate Shepherd To His Love’ by Christopher Marlowe. There are many similarities and differences between the two poems. Both poems are love poems aimed at women, and both are trying to persuade. In ‘To His coy Mistress’ the poem is split into a thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis and is attempting t persuade a woman to give up her virginity. ‘Passionate Shepherd’ is set into a series of four line long stanzas which form an ideal rural world where a man wants his love to live with him.
At the mere age of seventeen, Pablo Neruda wrote ’Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair’ and it has since become one of his most famous collection of poems. Once, in an interview, Neruda stated that he could not understand “why this book, a book of love-sadness, of love-pain, continues to be read by so many people, by so many young people” (Guibert, 2015). He also mentioned that “Perhaps this book represents the youthful posing of many enigmas; perhaps it represents the answers to those enigmas.” (Guibert, 2015). Neruda was one of the first poets to explore sexual imagery and eroticism in his work and become accepted for it. Many Latin-American poets had attempted the same, but failed to become popular with their critics. He merges his own experiences and memories with that of the picturesque Chilean scenery to present a beautifully poetic sense of love and sexual desire. The collection hosts quite a controversial opinion, however, amongst critics and readers alike, with the risqué themes running throughout the poems. Eroticism being one of the most evident and reoccurring themes.