Assumptions and Conditions in the Arrow-Debreu Equilibrium Model

Transparency is essential in a market based system, but is not necessarily a requirement for a bank-based system. In a bank based system, banks have long-standing working relationships with the companies seeking financing, and banks have on-going access to information about the firm. In a market based system, creditors and equity-holders require that financial information about companies seeking financing be available, sufficiently detailed and accurate if they are to participate in the market. This information, including audited financial statements, allows participants in the market to make

There are various categories of banking; these include retail banking, directly dealing with small businesses and persons. Commercial and Corporate banking which offers services to medium and large businesses (Koch & MacDonald 2010). Private banking, deals with individuals, offering them one on one service. The last category is investment banking. These help clients to raise capital and often invest in financial markets. Most global banking institutions provide all these services combined. With all these institutions in existence within the same localities and offering similar services, there is a need to regulate the industry so as to protect the consumer and provide fair working environment for all banks (Du & Girma, 2011).

An Investment is where there’s 2 ways you can either save your money up till you have the right amount or you can either invest over a long time. Also you could buy something with increasing the value of your profit.

The understanding and maintenance of the market equilibration process is necessary for a business manager. It is also necessary for the business manager to also understand the supply and demand principles. Supply and demand principles serve as a useful model for business manager’s to analyze the competitive market. It also illustrates how buyers and sellers interact in various business situations. Buyers and sellers will come to a point where they both agree on price and quantity. When this occurs, the point of intersection of supply and demand creates the point of equilibrium. The point of equilibrium can also be called

Introduction: Banking sector The Indian Banking industry governed by the Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949, falling into two broad classifications, non-scheduled banks and scheduled banks. Within the commercial banks there are nationalized banks, the State Bank of India and its group banks, regional rural banks and private sector banks (the old/ new domestic and foreign). With the economic growth picking up pace and the investment cycle on the way to recovery, the banking sector has witnessed a transformation in its vital role of intermediating between the demand and supply of funds. The revived credit off take (both from the food and non food segments) and structural reforms have paved the way for a change in the

The concept is derived from combining equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity to yield the equilibrium of a specific market. Changes in the determinants of demand, such as how much the product sells and the price of the product can affect the equilibrium of a market.

So, it is mostly similar with the finance from the bank, but instead of borrowing one greater sum of money from one bank can be borrowed lesser sums of money from multiple individuals.

The bank-lending channel underpins the role of banks as financial intermediaries, as their business structure is designed to serve certain type of borrowers, being small to mid-sized enterprises and households, where the problem of asymmetric information emerge \citep{stiglitz81}. According to the theory,

There are several methods that can be used to raise finance. The method a business chooses depends on factors of the business; amount of capital required, the purpose, the financial position of

2) The second phase sees the ending of the sharp distinction between banks and NBFIs (non-banking financial institutions). In the 1980s, banks were given the right to compete in the mortgage market and building societies allowed to compete in the market for consumer credit; i.e. both allowed in each other’s markets. Whereas in US, banks were not allowed to compete in the field of investment banking and insurance until 1999.

The Banking Industry plays an important role in the economic development of the country and is the most dominant segment of the financial sector. Banks encourage economic growth by allocating savings to investments that have potential to yield higher returns. They perform their basic role of accepting deposits and lending funds from these deposits. Banks securely save the money of depositors, provide interest to them, and lend the funds raised from depositors to consumers. They are in a wide range of sizes, from large Global Banks to Regional and Community Banks. We can study the structure of an organized banking industry by taking an example of Indian banking industry:

In the most basic definitions of economics, the United States’s Financial system is broken down into approximately five groups: the households, the firms, the market for factors of production, the market of goods and services, and the government. Within these groups, there is a constant flow that progresses in a circle through all of these groups in order to keep the economy running smoothly. This system is based on the notion that both consumers and producers need to come together to transact. However, buyers don’t always have the money they need to buy supplies, and sellers don’t always have the money to produce products or provide services. When this occurs, it is important for both investors and banks to offer aid in order to prevent

The tenth term is debt. Debt symbolizes an accountability or debt of a business. Debt is commonly governed by mutual established upon agreement as supplied by the individual offering credit. For example, a financial institution loans $6 million to a business to buy supplementary assembly equipment to maintain the growth of a production facility. The financial institution sets up the terms and conditions of the debt agreements including the sum charged for use of the money, payback, and any other essential agreements needed. If the conditions are not met the business can be at risk at being in default.

Ch.1 financial intermediation results from economies of scale and the specialization of financial transactions. (banks, inv. companies [mutual & pension funds], insurance companies, credit unions, brokerage firms, investment banks). Inv. banks assist firms in raising capital, create the market for innovative new securities that meet the risk and return demand (CMOs, collateralized mortgage obligations – derivative security that separates the cash flows of a mortgage pool into different classes with different maturities and risks). risk and return are the most important characteristics of financial assets. Another is tax. (high tax-bracket investors would, other things equal, would prefer tax-exempt securities [municipal bonds]).

List of abbreviations List of tables Acknowledgements Abstract 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Problem statement Objectives and hypothesis of the study Literature review Structure and performance of the financial sector in