Autonomies In 'You Are What You Tweet !'

This discussion led to Dr. Jeziorowski’s dialogue on the ethics of the institutionalized review board (IRB). The role of the IRB is to investigate and review proposals submitted for human research before experimentation is conducted. Dr. Jeziorowski signified how the IRB strongly upholds the principles of dignity, respect, justice, and benevolence. The committee’s job involves looking at aspects investigators may have overlooked or what researchers are unintentionally aware of that may violate human ethics. They attempt to make suggestions on how to improve research without actually turning down any proposals.

Similar to the Nuremberg Code, the Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles for human clinical research. The Belmont Report consists of three main principles including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice (US Department of Health & Human Services, 2013). There are also three main areas of application including informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of subjects. The first principle is respect for persons which includes treating individuals as autonomous agents and those with decreased autonomy are entitled to protection. This is applied through informed consent. As mentioned earlier informed consent is informing participants what to expect and contains three elements: information, comprehension, and

(1) Respect for persons: “Treating persons as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy”. (Individuals with lessen autonomy are entitled to protection).

Respect for persons is to "treat people autonomous and protect those who have diminished autonomy (vulnerable populations), e.g. children, prisoners, and elderly" (deLanda, 2009).

Human subjects in the research field requires us to analyze our approach to physical science according to a higher respect of the subjects, to thoroughly protect the participants as well as others in connection to the research. We must also protect the validity of the data retrieved from the research. The ethical questions at hand aren’t merely right from wrong in a sense but the fairness of the views being administered to participants, including safety. Often research approaches from our past in some instances have come into question, thus allowing us to advance our ethical approach to human research.

Three principles relevant to ethical research are the respect for persons, beneficence, and the principle of justice (“Belmont Report,” 2016). Respect for persons includes two ethical concepts. Firstly, subjects should be treated with respect for their autonomy, meaning that the subject has the ability to make decisions for themselves. Secondly, that persons without autonomy are entitled to protection. To treat people in an ethical manner you must not only respect their decisions, but you must put forth an effort to secure the subjects well-being. The term “beneficence” is the act of doing good or charity. In the Belmont Report it is an obligation to show beneficence towards subjects of research. In order to be beneficent, one must not intentionally harm subjects and one must maximize the possible benefits while minimizing the possible risks. Who should receive the benefits of research and who should have to face the risks? This is a matter of justice, or what is equal and fair. The principle of beneficence often occupies a well-defined justifying

While I was growing up, I thought the responsibility of safety lies in the hands of people within a certain age bracket. However, as the world advances, the safety responsibility seems to be spreading across all age groups regardless. The spread now allows people to own guns and use it for their protection. Of course, there is nothing bad in protecting oneself with a gun, but it is not proper when an underage is unnecessarily exposed to a deadly weapon all in the name of protection. The unnecessary exposure of a child to guns and some other weapons has further led to a rise of violence among the children. More so, when the parent who is supposed to take care of a child is being occupied with something else, of course, the child will be likely

In the Belmont Report, respect of persons is one of the three principles of that report. It means that informed consent is needed and well as keeping subjects confidential in addition to other things. The other principles of beneficence and justice are very important too, however respect of persons and what is included under that principle is what will most likely need to be addressed in our study.

(Andre & Velasquez, 2010). The question we must ask ourselves is, why should we limit scientific experimentation to animals? If we experiment on animals because of their limited cognitive capabilities does this mean that we should also experiment on human individuals that have limited cognitive capabilities? The definition of a person is a being with consciousness, rational thought, and a moral sense.(cite) Are people that are limited cognitively not deserving of human rights that protect them against experimentation? These are very uncomfortable questions to ask ourselves because we still see these individuals as “people”.

The researchers failed to uphold the ethical principles of respect for persons and beneficence. Respect for persons, as defined by Geri LoBiondo-Wood and Judith Haber, means that people have the right to remain anonymous as well as the right to choose if they want to be a part of the research study (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 256). It

Additionally, the government is responsible for providing grants to researchers and institution, and thus must have stringent policies on making sure that research is ethical before providing grants as well as having an ethical review committee for assessment of the ethicality of potential research. Moreover, in the case that research is being conducted abroad, domestic ethics review committees may need to work in conjunction with the ethics committees in the host nation, or in some circumstances even help in creating such a committee. Ethical ramifications of research done outside one’s nation will be extensively discussed further in this paper. The next level of research is the research institution, specifically dealing with private institutions, as public ones are generally covered under the governmental level, institutions’ are responsible for disseminating governmental decrees as well as educating their staff on all tenets of ethical research and make sure that researchers have a conducive environment for researching, so that they may advance human knowledge and health. The final level is the researcher, for whom these standards are addressed to and whose responsibilities include being aware of laws in

According to Bryman and Bell (in 2007) the following ten principles of ethical considerations have been compiled as a result of analyzing the ethical guidelines of nine professional social sciences research associations:

Physical and Psychological harm to participants is another ethical issue which often can occur in psychological research.

Medical research can be associated with physical, psychological, social, legal, or economic risk, and cognitive, institutional, economic, and social factors can result in so-called vulnerabilities. As such, certain subjects, including fetuses, oppressed social groups, those with a reduced capacity to consent, the terminally ill, and economically or educationally disadvantaged persons may be vulnerable to compulsion and participation in research studies. In addition, children or adults with cognitive deficits may find it difficult to understand the implications of research may therefore not be able to fully evaluate consent information. However, knowing these vulnerabilities and vulnerable populations is it moral to still have them enroll themselves in medical research and how do we go about asking the tough question to

My dissertation is going to be involved using human participants and week 1 discussion was an eye opening as it taught me how to follow “Ethics in Research with Human Participants" (B.D., & Folkman, S., 2000). When working with individuals or families of individuals suffering with mental health illness and disorder stigma is attached and as a researcher it is very important to be respectful,