Biological Evolution

Talks, T. (2013, March 30). Genetically Evolved Technology: Luke Bawazer at TEDxWarwick 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2014, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BljY3_i3gfw

Anthropologists have come to understand the evolution of man’s behavior by observing our closest primates such as chimpanzees. Cooperative behavior among primates can have many similarities and differences when compared to humans. Humans are intensively cooperative by communication by languages and interactions with others. Nonhuman primates can very much communicate very easily among their social groups, for example, the chimpanzee can very much strategically cooperate much like human, and also the chimpanzee can spontaneously initiate and maintain cooperative behaviors. Therefore are able to cooperate to reach a goal such as hunting for food or scaring off dangerous predators. This cooperative trait can really show the intelligence of these primates and how they are distinguished from other

Describe the major developments of early human and social evolution. Throughout, discuss tool manufacturing, language development, agriculture, social behavior, and population growth.

According to Ms. Witsaman, evolution is not the theory of how life began, which is a common misconception nowadays, but the theory of how life has changed over time. Theories are predictions which are backed up by several evidences and supported by scientists. The evidences that scientists use now to prove include fossils, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, biogeography, and biochemicals. Fossils are the remains of living things that once roamed the Earth. Homologous structure are structures shared by different organisms that have similar structure but different functions. Analogous structures are the opposite, they have similar functions but completely different structure.Vestigial structures are

Non human primates’ social organization can provide useful information how human social evolution occurs. We will go over main points of how similar and different non human primates such as chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas’ society are compared to ours, humans.

1. Introduction: Extent Primates provide great insight as analogies into facilitating an understanding of how tool use, culture and cognition developed in the early hominid lineage. Archaeologists interpret primate behaviors and social structures as a means of investigating the evolution of hominin technology. This process will be briefly outlined as well as a number of the benefits and disadvantages presented when using extant primates as analogies in this way.

The four forces of evolution are Mutation, Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Genetic Flow. Each one of these subjects serves a high importance when speaking about evolution and how it has occurred over millions of years. Mutation is probably the most important as without the mutations, nothing else like natural selection can really occur. There would also be no variance in species and animals would look all the same or similar. With mutations, physical effects can be advantageous, fairly bad, or neutral with not much change and not good or bad. In natural selection, the idea of fitness is very important. As said in the lecture, this type of fitness doesn’t mean the physical attributes one has in order to beat out everyone because of their physicality, but instead it’s about the idea of one being able to produce fertile offspring in comparison to others. This selection

The article “Kinship and Social Bonds in Female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)” is a research article in which was written based off of studies of many social mammals. There is a lot of research that has been conducted on female mammals that live in groups, which makes it reasonable to believe that kinship is something that influences the growth and continuation of social bonds. The objective of this study was to prove if kinship has an influence on social bonding for female chimpanzees that live in groups. The idea of this is to conclude if female chimpanzees develop sturdy communal relations with unrelated mammals of the equivalent gender. To do this the study observes multiple different characteristics of female chimpanzees from the same area. Observations were conducted on both physical and behavioral aspects of the chimps. The population that the investigators intend to refer their findings to is the Ngogo community of chimpanzees living in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Previous studies of males from the same group allowed the study to compare females to males that expressed powerful social ties amongst other members.

Also, the primate’s brain sizes and active social life make their more intelligent than other animals. For example, the chimpanzees that separate to look for food and then come together to eat since they are all related to each other. It helps defend each other and thus ensure their survival. Like the primates the grandparents, in their early years as a species, older women helped gather food for their offspring’s offspring. They were freeing up their daughters to have more children, more quickly. So the most evolutionarily fit grandparents have the most grandchildren, to whom they pass on their longevity-promoting genes. Finally, I could relate the paper to the course with the hominins that forms social networks, clans, and groups of greater

Ultra Society is a book that delves into how the forces of history have pushed humans to forge the cultural tools that make the large-scale society we see today. Ultrasociality, according to the author, Peter Turchin, is “the ability of human beings to cooperate in very large groups of strangers, groups ranging from towns and cities to whole nations, and beyond.” Over the course of human evolution, humans have become the most cooperative species on Earth, overtaking our best competitors, ants and termites. Many questions arise in the book, but the central question is how did we evolve from small-scale societies of hunter-gathers and foragers into the large-scale, complex society of today, in just 10,000 years?

The species Homo neandertalensis has been a subject to much debate over history. This species was once thought as one of us. The existent of this species has undergone conversions about their importance and their evolutionary situation. Moreover, the biggest question we ask is what happened to the Neanderthals? Two debates concerning what happened to the Neanderthals have been continuing since the 19th century. One side of the debate believes that they were unable to compete with modern humans or were unable to cope with the harsh living conditions causing them to become extinct. The other side of the debate states that they mingled with the new human populations, and eventually evolved into the modern human. This paper will provide enough

Humans are the most unique species on Earth. We have gained the ability to things never accomplished before on Earth. We can control our environment, domesticate other species, and more importantly, form complex connections and societies with one another. However, it is widely debated about how we evolved from simple ape-like foragers to the meat-eating, community-building species we are today. In this paper, we will be looking at three authors: Richard Wrangham, Pat Shipman, and Frans de Wall. Each of which approach this question from different directions.

This is going to be a paper on the genus Hominins. Hominins are early human ancestors the first being Sahelanthropus Tchadensis and ends with Homo Sapiens. A specie is a group of similar animals, or plants and in our case homo, paranthropus and australopithecus that can interbreed between each other and have a direct connection in lineage.A genus is a grouping of alike and related species that all share in many traits. It is an overview of species that are different enough to be put in one group but similar to be put under an umbrella term. In this paper it will take about the later half of the hominin genus, from Homo rudolfensis to Homo sapiens. We will be taking a look into how they are connected if they are, why I did not connect others and the culture behind it all.

Over the past decades man has identified common behavioral traits among groups of modern humans that can be attributed to a survival adaption from the prehistoric era. We are discovering that the traits that make us human are being found among others during the Paleolithic era. It has provided us with clues about adaptions and behavioral patterns involved with our most earliest ancestors. Through these observations we are finding the similarities in their tool use, natural habitat and communication.

In evolutionary biology mathematics is crucial in order to predict the future using equations and formulas.“Evolutionary biology need mathematics for its progress (Maynard Smith, 1982)”. John Maynard Smith was one of the pioneer scientists that introduced mathematical approach to solve evolutionary problems, using the evolutionary game theoretical. EGT uses frequency of the behavioral phenotypes expressed to predict fitness in the population. Fitness payoff of phenotypes depend on frequency of certain trait, if there is equal fitness then there is evolutionary stability in the population. Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) is a key to study a phenotype in a population because it cannot mutant during natural selection. The most common game used