Early Inflammatory Response To Stress

Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress related illness

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been consistently observed in brains of PD patients. There is increasing pharmacological and genetic evidence sustain a link between PD and mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, particular a deficit in mitochondrial complex I (Franco-Iborra et al., 2015). Accidental exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), an mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, has been known to result in acute and irreversible syndrome that was almost indistinguishable from PD (Calne and Langston, 1983; Langston and Ballard, 1983). Later on, mitochondrial complex I inhibition has been identified in the brains of sporadic PD patients (Schapira et al., 1990). In addition, chronic systemic inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by pesticide rotenone has been found to link to sporadic PD (Betarbet et al., 2000). Interestingly, mitochondrial complex I deficiency has been found not only in the postmortem substantia nigra but also in cerebral cortex (Schapira et al., 1990), which is consistent to the cortical glucose hypometabolism observed in PD patients. Indeed, the pathology of PD has been found to involve several brain regions other than the SNc and many neurotransmitters other than dopamine (Lang and Obeso, 2004a, b). PD models using MPTP and rotenone have now been used extensively in PD research (Beal,

Animals and Humans have a biological stress response intended to facilitate survival in the case of a life threatening attack or severe illness. This is commonly referred to the “fight or flight” response. Some primates, including humans have developed the unhealthy propensity to trigger this response for psychological or social reasons. Humans in particular experience the stress response exponentially more often for psychological reasons than for the purpose of survival (Stress, 2008). For example, we are may feel “stressed out” about work or school and if we think about it too much and get upset, we may experience a stress response Just by thinking about something that is bothering us, we can trigger the biological “fight or flight”

Stress is very well known for just what it means: STRESS. Its effect on human beings from a local and a global standpoint is far greater than any of us imagine. Stress can overtake one’s body physically, mentally, emotionally, as well as behavioral aspects. This is not something to take lightly. This is actually very serious. If you notice, it’s not just older people that die this day and time with heart attacks, suicide, and things of this nature. People of all ages. Older people, younger people, and even really young people. Children, yes, I said children. Don’t automatically think that stress only affects older people that have lived a longer

Stress has a huge impact on the immune system. The immune system is interconnected. For example the immune, nervous, and endocrine system is linked through specialized communication pathways involving hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune cell productions. Stress reactions can directly affect the various response systems and how they handle the neuroendocrine-products. This stress reaction directly affects the hypothalamus and pituitary peptides through the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these stressors might be life events, anxiety, and excitements.

Stress Is the body’s way of responding to the hectic lives most of us live, whether good or bad. The body releases chemicals into the bloodstream, which creates a rush of energy and strength If an individual is feeling stressed. This energy can prove useful if an individual is in physical danger. Because it enables a person’s survival instinct kicks in; it is often described as ‘fight or flight.’ In addition, stress can also have a negative effect on the body, for example: suffering from stress and leaving it unchecked can contribute to health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.

The film “Stress: Portrait of a Killer” shows how dangerous if stress stay longer in our life that will can effect on our health in many different way. Today people have a hard time to turning stress off as they have to cope with their daily life. This film points out the effect of stress on our body. It will shrink our brain, add fat to our belly, and unravel our chromosomes. So if we understand how stress work can help us figure out ways to protect our health and avoid the danger of stress.

Stress plays an important role in our daily life. Many studies have been conducted to study the effects of stress. The “lifespan hormesis effect” explains that moderate amounts of stress is beneficial to the body and in turn allowing the body to cope with higher stress

capabilities, resulting in biopsychological charges that may make him/her of risk for disease. Effects may vary from one person to another. (Niabi; H. et. al., 2013)

demonstrates that certain types of PD are inevitable regardless of environmental factors, but most forms of the disease result from the compilation

‘A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, which is formed on a surface. It can be formed by dips or imperfections on the surface.’ J R EGGEN

Both environmental and genetic factors have been proposed causes of PD. Studies have suggested that exposure to certain

The trouble begins when multiple life incidents hit us all at once and this is because during periods of dramatic changes, individuals are more vulnerable to stress (Jones & Bright, 2001). Therefore, stress has got the ability to activate pretty every system within the body, however, through a rather rudimentary mechanism which lies within the cellular level (Shreedhar et al., 2010).

Long-term activation of this stress-response system can lead to the disruption of almost all of the body’s processes. If this happens, the individual has an increased risk of developing numerous health problems. So, to prevent this from happening, the problem must be nipped in the bud.

Viewed from an evolutionary standpoint, in early times stress caused the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in an outpouring of the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids that were essential to the life-preserving fight or flight reactions of primitive man (Anthony 1988). However, the nature of stress for the individual today is different. It is only occasionally and unexpectedly that one is confronted with overwhelming, life-threatening stresses. Present stresses arise from everyday stresses of work, finances and school. The problem is that the body still continues to respond in the same fashion as primitive times. This makes the large release of hormones very harmful. They can cause an increase in blood pressure, damage muscle tissue, lead to infertility, inhibit growth, damage the hippocampus and suppress the immune system (Carlson 1994). It is therefore, important that individuals learn to control the stresses in their lives. The more detrimental coping behaviors will cause a larger change