Biological Implications

A Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a test that “allows future parents to detect genetic defects that cause inherited disease in human embryos before they are implanted.” One of the most ethical questions that one might ask before considering the PGD is whether the benefits of genetic knowledge outweigh harmful effects that occur to the embryo? Is it really worth manipulating embryos genes in order to achieve the desire of the parents? Often times we have to take into considerations the risk and benefits of each situation. I believe that the PGD test should be only be done to detect genetic defects, but it should not be used to manipulate genes in order to make what to them is a “perfect” child. As stated in our text, “ In the united Kingdom alteration of an embryos genes, even for gene therapy or cloning embryos is illegal.” By manipulating genes its like going against Gods wishes. In the eyes of God every person that comes into this world is equally seen as a human being because they are all created in “ the image of God.” In this case the parents should not be allowed to manipulate the genes of their unborn child just to accommodate to their

In Maus, a graphic novel by Art Spiegelman, Spigelman uses a combination of flashbacks to illustrate his father’s experiences in the holocaust in the form of a graphic novel. Spiegelman describes his father’s present day life and their interactions, to give the reader a view of a holocaust survivor’s life: before, during, and after the holocaust. Art and his father, Vladek, are the two protagonists of the comic and each chapter begins and ends with Art’s experience while writing the novel, while the bulk of each chapter is filled with Vladek’s flashbacks to his experiences during the holocaust. Each chapter plays a significant role in the overall plot, and the reader’s understanding of Vladek’s experience in the holocaust, as well as the dynamic

Therapeutic genetic manipulation is preformed by doctors to prevent diseases that the baby is carrying. The baby is tested by screening the embryo for any possible unknown diseases. Sometimes the PGD or preimplantation genetic diagnosis technique is used for this ("Biotechnology special focus"). The main diseases PGD is used to test for in babies are Hunntington's disease, Tay-sacks, Alzheimers, Familia cancers, Sickle Cell disease, Hemophilia, Neurofibromatosis, Fanconi's Anemia, Cystic fibrosis and most recently, Down's Syndrome ("Hooray for designer babies", 2002). This technique involves removing the unfertilized egg from the female, mating it with a sperm and then testing it for diseases. If all the diseases are absent, the fertilized egg is planted into the mother's uterus to develop into a baby. Some other unpredictable diseases may also be carried in the baby's chromosomes. Chromosome carrying diseases and disorders include: miscarriage of the baby, physical birth defects or down syndrome (Biotechnology special focus").

PGD is a reproductive technology used with IVF, where genetic or chromosomal disorders in early embryos before implantation and pregnancy are screened. Disease-inherited embryos are

When reading this case you have to take it back to the abuse of human rights and how to properly proceed the evidence that will allow the violators to be accountable for their actions. The story clearly analyzes on how the shooting in New Orleans on the Danziger Bridge in 2005 occurred. At this time it was during the wake of Hurricane Katrina were two victims were killed and four others were injured ((Bohm & Haley, 2014) when crossing the Danziger bridge these six bystanders were killed and injured by the hands of a police officer's. However, these officers failed to mention the use of deadly force against six unarmed citizens. Arthur Kaufman was among one of the officers that made the attempt to cover up the crime (Bohm & Haley, 2014)

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a form of genetic testing. It is similar to the screening of abnormal chromosome count only used to test for genetic diseases. The fertility institutes have used this to take gender selection to the next level. Stating that this has a greater than 99,9% success rate.

That isn’t the usual case with the women getting IVF. Most women get this treatment because they can’t have a child without it. For example, Bernita Malloy, a federal prosecutor in Atlanta would not have been able to have a child without 25 eggs and three in-vitro cycles. She spent about $45,000 on only three cycles. Imagine if we had limited her to only two eggs per cycle. It would have taken her up to 12 cycles and about $180,000 to have one child. And still, even with this treatment some women never successfully have a

Once these tests have been performed, there is no guarantee that the results are absolutely written in stone. It is possible to terminate perfectly healthy embryos and unknowingly implant those with the dreaded disease. Also, doctors are unable to predict the true extent of the disease. An embryo diagnosed as positive may develop into a child with less severe symptoms and still be able to lead a somewhat normal and productive life.

The rights of the citizens of the United States have been accumulated and debated for centuries, leading to the liberties that U.S. citizens currently possess. These rights include the written and natural rights outlined in the Bill of Rights, as well as the 30 basic human rights outlined in the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“Universal Declaration of Human Rights” 1-8). Although these rights given to the people of the United States once created a clear outline of what was allowed or permitted tof the people, new scientific advancements are beginning to test those boundaries and create gray areas. One of these advancements is Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, commonly known as PGD. According to the American Pregnancy Association, the process of PGD summarize into four steps (The American Pregnancy Association 1). First, a few cells are taken from the embryo that

Regarding the subject of the use of IVF and PGD, or embryo screening of any kind, my stance is not a concrete one. I recognize the fact that while it is very possible for embryo screening to lead to discrimination of all kinds, it is also possible to potentially save many lives through early detection of treatable disorders, such as, hypercholesterolaemia. Therefore, I believe that the use of embryo screening technology should be used on a

Moreover, it is not safe for the embryo. The safety concern is what comes after the initial process of in vitro fertilization, the additional processes of either adding a screening step or, going through preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). The process of PGS entails taking one cell from the embryo and observing the chromosomes while the rest of the embryo stays frozen. These screening tests have caused many arguments among scientists due to the fact that some individuals say that there are risk factors

Although PGD is a relatively new procedure, there are several ethical questions surrounding its use. One question is, "Should parents be allowed to choose characteristics for their children that are not related to disorders such as their baby’s eye color, personality, or even the sex of their baby?" [Wekesser,1996]. Until the genes responsible for inherited traits such as the previously mentioned are mapped, this is not an issue. If scientists do not know where the gene is located, they are unable to create a test determining the presence of the gene. However, because we do know how the sex of a child is determined, a specific gender can be screened for. Many believe that this should

PGD is known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosing. I do not think it is ethical to design and conceive a child that meets specific genetic requirements. I do not feel that this is an ethical reason to conceive a child. Rather, I believe all children should be seen as blessings or gifts, not sacrificial genetic progeny.

Many individuals are looking to alternatives in child bearing, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) being one of the most popular. IVF in the United States is a costly procedure. It can cost up to $12,000 for one attempt and that is not adding the cost of additional attempts should the first one fail. There are individuals who are in debt for $60,000 in attempting to get pregnant through IVF. Fertility treatments are now a hot commodity, especially in the global marketplace. Many women are looking to oversea options in having IVF done. One major factor in women going overseas is the price tag. IVF overseas is about ¼ of the price it is in the US.

The social implications to PGD include financing the cost of PGD, discrimination against people carrying specific genetic diseases or disorder which makes them have disabilities, taxpayers and ministry of health funding the treatment, and the success rate of PGD and IVF.