Biology: Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is how we extract energy from food sources, especially food sources such as glucose as most of the food we eat ends up as glucose in the body. The chemical formula for one molecule of glucose is C6H12O6. In order to turn this glucose into energy, oxygen is needed. This is done through cellular respiration where the glucose and oxygen is turned into 6 molecules of CO2, 6 molecules of water and some energy. Before we can use that energy our body has just produced we have to turn it into a specific form of stored energy called ATP or adenosine triphosphate. In order for our body to use the energy we make our cells need the energy to be transferred into ATP, adenosine triphosphate to be able to let our body do anything. Adenosine triphosphate is made up of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups attached to it. The three phosphate groups are very uncomfortable being next to each other, so ATP splits them up shifts one of the phosphate groups off the end creating Adenosine diphosphate. In this reaction energy is released. Through cellular respiration one molecule of glucose can yield a bit of heat energy and 38 molecules of ATP at its best, a normal range would be between 29-30 molecules of ATP. Cellular respiration isnt something that happens all at once. Glucose is is transformed into ATP’s over 3 separate stages; Glycolysis, the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is just the breaking up of the glucose 6 carbon rings into two

The cellular respiration pathways are vital to the extraction of vitality from all these distinctive atoms. Amino acids, lipids, and different starches can be changed over to different intermediates of glycolysis and the citrus extract cycle, enabling them to slip into the cell breath pathway through a huge number of side entryways. Once these particles enter the pathway, it has no effect where they originated from: they'll basically experience the rest of the means, yielding NADH, FADH2 moreover, few out of every odd atom that enters cell breath will finish the whole pathway. Similarly as different kinds of particles can sustain into cell breath through various intermediates, so intermediates of glycolysis and the citrus extract cycle might be evacuated at different stages and used to make different atoms. For example, numerous intermediates of glycolysis and the citrus extract cycle are utilized as a part of the pathways that fabricate amino acids.

Eukaryotic cells produce the chemical energy they need through the processes of either oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the last step in the process of cellular respiration and accounts for nearly 90% of ATP production during cellular respiration. During stage one of cellular respiration 2 ATP molecules are broken down to provide the energy necessary to start glycolysis. Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules and 4 ATPs are formed. A net gain of two ATPs is realized. In stage two the pyruvate molecules enter into the mitochondrion of the cell. The pyruvate molecules are oxidized into the compound acetyl CoA. In stage three, the acetyl CoA passes into citric acid cycle (Krebs

To understand this experiment, it is important to have a basic comprehension of what cellular respiration is, how it functions, and the different variables that can affect it. All organisms need some form of energy, taken from outside sources, to function and to facilitate growth and development. Mitochondria within cells are able to harvest the chemical energy stored in food molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids,  and break it down through chemical oxidation in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is an ATP, adenosine triphosphate,  synthesizing process that also produces carbon dioxide and water as waste (Cellular, 2016). The reactions that take place in respiration are catabolic which means they break down complex molecules into simpler molecules while releasing energy. The energy released in this process is central to the production of ATP. ATP is a macromolecule consisting of a ribose, a nitrogenous base, and a chain of three phosphates. ATP is used to transport energy throughout the cell and releases the stored energy by breaking the bond on the outermost phosphate group (Bergman, 2015).

Krebs cycle: The function is to supply the third stage of respiration with electrons. Occurs within the mitochondria, completes the breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

Cellular respiration is the process and series of metabolic reactions that turns chemical energy into the useable energy source, ATP. Since it depends on a variety of factors, there are also many things that can inhibit its completion, like nitric oxide, an endogenously produced substance that can be toxic, particularly affecting the cytochrome C complex in cellular respiration. Haem oxygenase, an enzyme, “catalyse[s] the oxidative degradation of haem to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO), accompanied by the release of ferrous iron” (D’Amico et.al, 2006). The carbon monoxide released was viewed as “toxic,” but it has actually been found to “significantly increase cellular cGMP concentrations,” and “increase the activity of calcium-activated potassium channels,” which can reverse the “hypoxia-induced inhibition” of these channels (D’Amico et.al). Nitric oxide’s binding to cytochrome C oxidase in the electron transport chain can inhibit mitochondrial respiration, but it is unclear if endogenous CO’s binding to the CCO can also do so.

If you were to combine the yeast with the sugars in milk would the yeast grow, and if so how would it affect the cellular respiration? We need to look into what yeast needs to grow, cellular respiration in yeast, and the sugar in milk to find the answer to this problem. The solution to this problem could find a better way to produce yeast for the world.

Catabolism is a set metabolic pathway or a series of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller components. Catabolic pathways are exergonic and involve an increase in entropy. They serve to release energy needed for cellular functions and create metabolites needed for biosynthesis. Catabolism does not need oxygen to be carried out. On the other hand, anabolism is a set of metabolic pathways that build molecules from smaller units. Anabolic pathways require energy to synthesize molecules and involve a decrease in entropy. Anabolism contributes to cell growth within organisms. Cellular respiration is catabolic because it is a process that breaks down organic molecules into smaller units and gives the cell energy

Cellular respiration by itself refers to the process of drawing energy from food and organic molecules for use. This is done by several reactions that are dependent upon each other. Similar to breathing, whereas as humans inhale oxygen, and exhale carbon dioxide, the process of cellular respiration is the exchange of oxygen to help break down the fuel which is defined as an aerobic process. This process is done by cells exchanging gases with its surroundings in order to create adenosine triphosphate (commonly references as ADT), which ultimately is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through several reactions and is thus an example of a metabolic pathway. In a significantly simplified expression, in cellular respiration chemical energy that comes from fuel molecules is converted into ADP. ADP is then joined with a phosphate, which then converts into ATP, the energy currency of cells. When ATP is consumed or spent by the cells, it releases another

Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in the cells of a majority organisms that converts glucose into ATP, an energy storing molecule, which allows beings to carry out life processes. In the cell, ATP is used for active transport, movement within the cell, and for powering all machinery. In the case of human beings, aerobic respiration is primarily utilized. Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen and occurs mainly in the mitochondria of cells. The equation for cellular respiration is:

Living organisms require energy in order to maintain order. The process organisms go through in order to synthesis this energy (ATP) is cellular respiration the equation for cellular reparation is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

A cellular poison is considered as a metabolic poison that inhibits cellular respiration, electron transport chain and mitochondrial membrane. Cyanide poison is the poison that block the last enzyme from entering the electron transport chain and mitochondrial membrane. This poison also inhibits the formation of producing ATP. Without the formation ATP, ATP has to be formed through the steps of glycolysis. During glycolysis, the process in cell respiration. It produces four ATP but it uses two ATP and form two net ATP. Cyanide poison is the main reason why the formation ATP in not complete. Research will show why that is.

Respiration takes place inside the mitochondria, this is a tiny object inside the cytoplasm of the cell.

There are three stages of cellular respiration. Those stages are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport. During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is part into two molecules of a compound called pyruvic acid. The compounds for glycolysis are situated in the cytoplasm. The citric acid cycle also called the Krebs cycle finishes the breakdown of glucose the distance to CO2, which is then discharged as a waste product. The compounds for the citric acid cycle are broken down in the liquid inside mitochondria. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle create a small amount of ATP. They create significantly more ATP in a roundabout way, by means of responses that exchange electrons from

Aerobic cellular respiration and oxygenic photosynthesis are two cellular processes that evolved in a similar matter. Cellular respiration drives cellular economy by absorbing the energy stored in sugars and other fuels. Cells takes the energy to perform their job. For example, giving ATP energy to move solutes across the plasma membrane. Chemical work is the pushing of endergonic reactions that does not occur randomly. Transport work is the pumping of substances in and out of the membranes. Finally, Mechanical work is the contraction of muscle cells. All of this type of work requires energy that is stored in sugars and other fuels.