Cardiovascular Disease : The Congestive Heart Failure, Stroke, And Coronary Heart Disease Essay

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major cause of death and is one among the 10 chronic diseases in the world2, 3. Center for Disease control and prevention (CDC) confirms the same for the United States (US). Recent figures (2014) showed that chronic diseases were the cause of 75% of deaths in the US, and approximately 25% of those deaths were due to CVDs4. Chronic diseases consume 86% of the total US health care expenditure whereas, CVDs occupy 17%5. Recent reports indicate that 1 out of every 3 individuals is dying due to a CVD and take up 1 out of every 6 dollars spent on healthcare in the United States. Scientists projected that cardiovascular healthcare expenditure is going to triple

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death and disability in the United States among adults. More than one-half of all deaths were caused by heart disease, cancer or

The Healthy People 2020 organization is generates objectives that are science-based up to ten years to improve the health of Americans (). The Healthy People 2020 monitors the American’s health so that they can encourage collaboration amongst communities, inspire individuals to take action in their health decisions, and determine the results of prevention actions (). The overall goal of the Healthy People 2020 organization is, “attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death” (para. 5). The Healthy People 2020 website has several topics and objectives to gain knowledge of. Two of the topics that will be discussed are diabetes, heart disease and stroke, as well as each topics risk factors in relation to its objectives.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Healthy People 2020 (2018) recognizes cardiovascular disease as one of the most widespread and costly health problems in the United States, accounting approximately $320 billion in health care expenditures and related expenses annually. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) identifies prevention of cardiovascular disease as one of the priorities and includes an objective “to increase overall cardiovascular health and quality of life for US population." (HHS, Healthy People 2020, 2018)

Heart disease, also known cardiovascular disease, is an illness like none other; it takes an unfortunate toll on the body and causes many malfunctions. People who deal with this disorder suffer from problems such as heart attacks, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and more. Although heart disease is a major concern for many people, it is not as prevalent for those in certain parts of the world. This paper compares the rates of heart disease in the United States versus those in Japan. After studying this disease and how it affects people around the world, it is clear that Americans have much higher rates of heart disease than the Japanese, mainly because of risk factors, like poor diets and lack of exercise. By studying the history of heart disease in both countries, the implications of the disorder, and different populations impacted, it is clear that heart disease is a major epidemic around the world. The evidence that reports the differences of heart disease rates between America and Japan is astounding.

It is significant in underserved communities and it is most preventable. The risk factors to name a few are high blood pressure, poor diet & physical inactivity and obesity. It is pivotal to address these risks to prevent heart failure and strokes. The risk is controllable if certain life style changes are made. More than one in three adults which is 81.1 million lives with heart disease. In the Healthy people 2020 statistics the target for deaths caused by heart disease and stroke has declined from 1999 and 2011 from 194.6 to 109.2 deaths per 100,000 populations. This shows some progress. To maximize these results I would push for promotion of healthy eating habits and physical activities for people of all ages in underserved communities along with education specifically for unfortunate people.

Individuals from Jersey City aged 65 years and older are more likely to die from heart diseases such as heart attacks, stroke and hypertension in comparison to all New Jersey residents ("Stats," 2013). These are the leading cause of death in the United States that can be prevented by controlling or preventing modifiable risk factors such as high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, poor diet and physical inactivity, overweight and obesity ("Healthy People," n.d.). Heart diseases are among of the many known health problems that are needed to be addressed in the Jersey City community ("Stats," 2013). Healthy people 2020 goal is to prevent, detect and treat the risk factors that are associated with heart attack and stroke ("Healthy People," n.d.). And by early detection, heart diseases can be treated and repeated cardiovascular events can be prevented ("Healthy People," n.d.).

The Million Hearts Campaign mentioned in The Summit County Community Health Improvement Plan from 2015, reports heart disease and stroke as the first and fourth leading causes of death in Ohio, respectively (Summit County Public Health website, 2016). The statistics for Ohio are comparable to the Summit County findings in regards to higher incidence among black communities. Black men have a stroke mortality rate that is 38% greater than any other population in the state (Summit County Public Health website, 2016). Interestingly, this disparity was consistent with Healthy People 2010 review findings, that minority and low income communities were behind the reference point related to heart disease. With high blood pressure being a leading risk factor for heart disease and stroke, the research has shown that controlling hypertension is harder for the black population. There is not clear evidence to explain why the black population is at higher risk, but it is suggested that genetics and environmental factors play a

Cardiovascular disease has gained a global attention due to the overwhelming number of cases reported annually. Stakeholders from various health monitoring agencies, health care providers, and government agencies have come together to tackle the disease, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Organizations such as the Million Hearts Initiative, the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 Goals, and the Healthy People 2020 goals have established public health objectives aimed at targeting cardiovascular risk factors, and improving the outcome of the disease (Sidney, Rosamond, Howard & Luepker, 2013). The aspirations of the AHA 2020 objectives are to enhance the cardiovascular well-being of all Americans by 20%, as well as decrease related deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke by 20% (Sidney et al., 2013). Statistical analysis of the predominance of cardiovascular health risk factors among Americans is overwhelming and therefore needs immediate action. According to Go et al. (2013), about 31.9 million adults 20 years or older have total serum cholesterol levels greater than or equals to 240 mg/dL. According to a statistical data recorded between 2007 to 2010, 33% of United States adults aged 20 years of age or older are hypertensive, that is about 78 million US adults, and 44% globally (Go et al., 2013). In 2010, an overwhelming 19.7 million people in the United States were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, in addition to 8.2 million unconfirmed cases, and 38.2% people

Over the past years, heart disease has constituted one of the leading causes death in America. In fact, statistics show that one in every seven deaths is as a result of heart-related diseases (American Heart Association, 2016). Conversely, most deaths reported are of elderly individuals aged above the 65 years. However, there are also other underlying conditions that elevate the risk of developing heart diseases. According to the American Heart Association (2016) 62% of men and 67.8% of women have high blood pressure that are aged between 65-74 years of age. High blood pressure exposes older people to high-risk chances of developing cardiovascular diseases, characterized by high rates of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Cardiovascular

Indicators such as this are a necessity to focus on upon developing policies. The AHA and ASA state that, “Individuals with coronary heart disease, angina, or who have had a heart attack due to atherosclerosis, have more than twice the risk of stroke than those who haven’t. If you have atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries you are very likely to have atherosclerosis in other parts of your body” ("How Cardiovascular & Stroke Risks Relate"). Prevention is a form that Turnock states, “may have contributed to declines in heart disease and stroke” (Turnock,2012).Warning labels attached to packaging of tobacco products may increase a higher likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). This direct relation was approached in the 1964, which was included Surgeon General’s report first

Some implications to prevent heart disease in the community are proper education regarding the cause of heart disease, ways to prevent it and so forth. Both physicians and nurses need to make sure that they are communicating the importance of a diet low in fat, low

Currently, cardiovascular disease is “the number one killer in the United States and the developed world” (Sapolsky, 2004, p. 41). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of cardiovascular disease, which is killing more than 7 million individuals on an annual basis.

Currently the support for public health initiatives to prevent heart disease and stroke are low, constituting to less than 3% of the total budget of state public health agencies. Despite considerable public health advances in previous years, failing to stop and reverse the menace has been very costly. The number of fatalities and health care expenses only continue to escalate day by day. Out of the ten essential public health services, I recommend three. First, inform, educate and empower people about health issues. People are not informed on the issue. The provision of information ensures stroke patients get to hospitals as fast as possible. Sharing experience and knowledge on heart disease and stroke prevention with all stakeholders goes to uprooting the menace at the root. The second is to investigate health problems and health hazards, and diagnose then within the community. Research has to be fostered policies and public health initiatives intended to prevent the menace, particularly, at the community level. Lastly is to ensure that there are qualified public and personal healthcare personnel. Heart disease patients require effective interventions and best practices when receiving treatment (America Statement).

The Epidemiology and the community I have chosen to speak about in this paper are cardiovascular disease and stroke in the city of Hartford in the state of Connecticut. According to Heart.org, Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and accounts for more than 17.3 million deaths per year and is expected to grow to over 23.6 million by 2030 (Heart Disease, Stroke and Research At-a-Glance, 2016). Identifying the right data source to obtain information is very important for managing and targeting the right population in the disease management process. Information can be found in many places but finding credible date is very important to assess the community and in comparison the nationwide problems.