Classical Conditioning Experiments

Because these planaria were not fed much if at all for the two weeks, it would make sense for the upper portions of the body to be less successful because the pharynx is in the lower portion of the body along with much of the alimentary canal. A study by Eisenhoffer would seem to support this theory, because his results showed that in normal planaria, mitotic activity occurs evenly throughout the healthy

(neutral stimuli). When exposed to the two stimuli, the monkeys all exhibited a fear response to

This experiment was designed to determine the relationship between the color of light absorbed by the Lemna and the rate of reproduction. The rate of reproduction was determined by the change in the number of Lemna fronds in the beaker over time. The higher the rate of reproduction, the more effective the color of light used is on increasing the rate of reproduction. {Table 11}- Relationship between the number of Lemna fronds present in the beaker under the white light and the days passed Color of Light Average rate of reproduction of Lemna (Lemna fronds /day) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Overall Average Overall Standard Deviation

Aplysia are sea slugs which breathe through gills. The Aplysia have a gill-withdrawal reflex meaning if any immediate danger is present, the sea hares will retract their gills underneath the protection of their mantles, which is the animals outer covering. The Aplysia sea slugs also have a rather simple nervous system of about only 20,000 neurons, some of which are large, making it fairly easy for a neuroscientist to understand how their brain can encode new memories (Gluck, 2014, p. 98). Just like humans, these particular sea slugs show sensitization, habituation, and other types of learning.

In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner wanted to study classical conditioning in people. Classical conditioning is when two stimuli are paired and produce an effect off of the second stimulus, but eventually produce the same effect with the first stimulus individually. Watson believed they were capable of furthering psychologist Ivan Pavlov’s research on conditioning dogs to conditioning humans. Watson was a professor at John Hopkins University and of course, that was Rayner’s alma mater. Watson wanted to justify that emotions were something learned and not inherently placed in the human mind. According to Alexander Burgemeester, Watson hypothesized that although it was uncommon for a baby to have a phobia of animals, “if one animal succeeds in arousing fear, any moving furry animal thereafter may arouse it” (Burgemeester). Both, Watson and Rayner fed off of scientist Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment.

The Little Albert experiment was a case study that attempted to provide evidence of classical conditioning. John B. Watson and his graduate study Rosalie Rayner conducted this study in the early 1900’s. The American Psychological Association considers Watson’s study unethical according to today’s ethical standards. Watson was never able to complete his study, and left many wondering what exactly happened to Little Albert. It is highly accepted that he died not many years after the study, due to an illness from birth, however that belief is being challenged.

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The first time I can recall using Classical conditioning was when I was younger. When I was about five or six I had a sleepover and my friends and we decided to make popcorn to eat while watching our movies. When we heard the microwave stop we went and opened the microwave, and watched black smoke rise out of the microwave and into the air, which then triggered the smoke alarm. We all started acting in an unconditioned response, screaming and panicking we did not know what to do since we never experienced a loud, ear piercing noise and dark smoke before. The classical conditioning is when the other girls and I panicked in response to the noise and smoke. My mother told us it was alright and it was just the fire alarm going off because we

The purpose of the paramecium experiment was to observe competition or allelopathy between two different species of paramecium in the laboratory. Allelopathy is a way organisms inhibit or affect other organisms when developing in nature. This insures the survival of one organism against another organism. For instance in plants, some can release a chemical that enters the environment and inhibits the growth and development of surrounding plants. Another example in nature is plants developing defenses to prevent herbivores from eating them. This kind of competition happens in nature when the need for resources is limited and survival is necessary. Competition is displayed throughout nature all the time. A man named Georgy Gause previously conducted this experiment between P. aurelia and P. caudatum. He determined that different factors influence how the two species compete and coexist. Ever since then not many scientist have attempted to experiment on paramecium. Only until recently have more experiments been attempted. The issue with the experiment was that it was conducted in 1935 and nowadays there are more advance ways to conduct and interpret the experiment and results.

Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs.

Cognitive and behavior therapy can combine the techniques of both of these approaches or focus on one of the two. The paper will discuss these schools, their origins and techniques.

In order to survive in an ever-competitive world, the question of how the same species can adapt and survive in different habitats arises. With every species, there is an inner drive to have some sort of home: a place that they can return to and feel safe to relax. Another angle to this consideration is how can the same species be adept to have multiple different types of homes depending on how they develop in their habitat. This is where the experiment gets its premise. The ability to examine an animal’s spatial recognition and learning capabilities based solely on the juvenile mental development allows insight into the inner workings of some otherwise uncharted territory in animals, such as fish. By examining the data and results from this experiment we can even venture deeply to say what we learn from the climbing perch and three-spined sticklebacks can be applied to our own species in order to prepare younger generations for the world we live

The term classical conditioning means automatic. An example of this in my life is the scent of food. When you smell a certain smell, an example being cinnamon rolls, you automatically know what the smell is. Operant conditioning is the opposite of classical conditioning. It is voluntary and an environment or yourself controls it.

Learning is the act of changing an organism’s behavior in response to an experience. Associative learning is when an organism links two events that occur close in time. When an organism learns to make associations, it is being conditioned. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism associates an action and the consequence of that action. It results in the organism adapting its behavior to maximize rewards and minimize punishment (Skinner). On the other hand, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a certain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus. A neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned response to an unconditioned

Classical conditioning effects everyday life especially in relation to phobias and addiction which will be discussed in this essay. Classical conditioning was founded by Ivan Pavlov. He believed that if a behaviour can be learned, it can also be unlearned too. This essay will highlight the importance of conditioning principles in explaining and treating problem behaviours. Classical conditioning has revolutionised behavioural therapies, such as flooding and systematic desensitisation to treat phobias, and aversion therapies to treat addictive behaviour.