Crusp Case Study

CRISPR has been garnishing a lot of media attention recently and it is not just popular among the scientific community but also the general public. Several online news outlets and scientific journals have been talking about the significance CRISPR-Cas could have for the field of genetics and science as a whole. I even came across a Youtube video from The Verge, a tech channel that normally does reviews on new smartphones and laptops talking about CRISPR [15]. So why is CRISPR gaining so much attention both from the scientific community and the general public? The answer lies in the potential this technology possesses.

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat, referring to the repeating DNA sequences found in the genomes of microorganisms. CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes in genes by splicing and replacing these DNA sequences with new ones. Through these changes, the biology of the cell is altered and possibly affects the health of an organism. The possibilities are endless as this offers opportunities in curing deadly diseases, modifying genes, and changing humanity as we know it. Although bioengineering has been around since the 1960s, CRISPR is significant because of the comparative low costs and the ease of the procedure to

The author gives a brief history of past genome editing but thoroughly explains the history and mechanism of the CRISPR technology. She elaborates on how the technology has already been used to cure diseases and speculates on its future uses and regulation.

CRISPR-Cas9, a genome editing instrument, moves to change the field of biology forever. CRISPR was first observed as an innate defense mechanism used by bacteria. After years of development, scientists have been able to construct their own RNA that guides the CRISPR-Cas9. This allows them to control the behavior of the CRISPR-Cas9. What this could mean for the future is overwhelming.

Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) are an immune response evolved by bacteria and archea as an adaptive defense mechanism to invading DNA. (4) The CRISPR Cas9 system relies on the uptake of invading DNA fragments that are then inserted into CRISPR loci. (4) In the CRISPR loci, repeats are separated by nucleotide spacers which match and or composed of invading DNA.(4) New spacer DNA is incorporated by Cas1 and Cas2.(4) The CRISPR spacer loci then transcribe into short CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) which anneal to foreign nucleic acids in conjunction with complementary binding trans-activating cr RNA(tracrRNA) to form a duplex which is then cleaved to provide a guiding RNA cr/tracr RNA hybrid.(4) the RNA hybrid acts as a guiding mechanism for Cas9 by complementary binding to the invading nucleotides.(4) Cas9 is an endonuclease that can cause a double stranded cleave in DNA(4) Cas9 guided with sgRNA then cleaves the foreign DNA resulting in double stranded breaks effectively disrupting and thereby removing a gene.(1)(2)(3)(4) After a ds break occurs cellular machinery attempts to fix the break with non homologous end joining in which cellular systems effectively sutures the broken ends of the DNA by recombining the remaining ends of DNA to once again produce a continuous strand.(4) This

CRISPR or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat, is used to change the DNA. Today, as humans, we have learned how to use CRISPR for what we want it to do. This is a major break in what we know about DNA. For the future we are looking at how we can change DNA and control what the DNA changes to.

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR Associated System (CAS) is an advancement in technology that transformed a previous protein-based targeting (TALEN and Zinc Finger) process used to target and splice genes or DNA sequences. CRISPR-Cas9 was discovered in 2013 by Feng Zhang from the Broad Institute and MIT. CRISPR-Cas9 targets specific base pairs using small RNA that can be easily swapped for many different RNA targeting sites. This allowed CRISPR-Cas9 to surpass the previously used splicing methods such as, Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) and zinc fingers. TALEs and zinc fingers are banded to DNA through a direct protein-DNA interaction. This was a long and tedious process that required proteins to be redesigned for each new target DNA site. CRISPR-Cas9 made the process of genome editing more efficient, effective, and precise by using RNA and proteins (“CRISPR”). CRISPR-Cas9 is a natural system that helps bacteria defend against attacking viruses known as bacteriophages. This process begins with the “CRISPR sequences [bookending] short stretches of DNA that bacteria have copied from invading phages, preserving a memory of the viruses that have attacked them in the past” (“CRISPR”). These sequences are then transcribed into short RNAs that guide the Cas proteins to match the viral sequences. The Cas proteins destroy the matching viral DNA by cutting it from the strand.

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are the trademark of a bacterial defense system that forms the basis for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. If you have already heard of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, great. If not, I’ll explain it. CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. This allows scientists to take away an illness or disease from someone’s DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been a polarizing topic due to ethical reasons. Some people believe that CRISPR is great technology that could and should be used for health reasons and even cosmetic reasons. This would mean

(2012) introduced a new genetic technique that was derived from the defense mechanisms of bacteria. Some bacteria use a CRISPR-Cas system to defend against foreign viral and plasmid genetic material. Once foreign targets enter the system, the bacteria will integrate its CRISPR array to parts of the nucleotide sequences on the invading sequence. The bacteria will then produce a precursor CRISPR-RNA that complements the invading sequence, and is used to find all foreign sequences that match it. These precursor RNAs will work with Cas proteins to cleave the foreign sequence, thus effectively silencing it. There are multiple types of CRISPR-Cas systems that bacteria use. Type 2 systems, paired with Cas-9, use another RNA sequence, tracrRNA (trRNA), as a complement to precursor CRISPR-RNA. These systems used both trRNA and precursor CRISPR-RNA to induce a double stranded cleave. After this discovery, a Cas9 protein was purified and tested to see if it would be able to cleave DNA. It was discovered that if both a trRNA and a precursor CRISPR RNA were present with complementary sequences to a sequence in a DNA strand, the result would be a double strand cleave in the DNA. Cas9 also contains two domains, each of which only cleave either the complementary or the non-complementary strand of the target DNA. After looking at both the trRNA and the precursor CRISPR RNA, researchers theorized that they could engineer a chimera RNA that combined certain sequences of both

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Decades ago, if an individual was diagnosed with conditions such as Huntington’s Disease, cancer, or MRSA it usually resulted in a life filled with doctor visits, multiple treatment plans, and rigorous prescription regimens. However, these conditions and the way they are treat could drastically change thanks to a scientific breakthrough known as clustered regularly interspaced shorts palindromic repeats or CRISPR for short. CRISPR technologies has the capability to be used in a wide array of clinical applications including personalized medicine, cancer treatment, and the prevention of heritable diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. With the ability to treat serious conditions and disorders such as these, CRISPR will revolutionize the

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated (Cas) protein 9 is a type II CRISPR system that is an adaptive immunity mechanism acquired by bacteria to protect it from viruses and phage. Utilization of this process could have the potential to revolutionise medicine due to its genome editing capabilities. CRISPR-Cas9 can act as an exceptional tool for functional genomics which can allow us to understand phenotypic and physiological elements of disease. This understanding can allow development of drugs and targeted therapies for diseases such as HIV and cancer through complete removal or replacement of a gene. CRISPR-Cas9 technology cannot be deemed revolutionary

Francisco Mojica (1993-2005) – is known for his research on the CRISPR gene. He was able to characterise the CRISPR locus by studying the functions of disparate repeat sequences on two archaeal organisms; Haloferax and Haloaracula, and recognising that these repeat

In many application areas, the wireless sensor network must be able to operate for long periods of time, and the energy consumption of both individual sensor nodes and the sensor network as a whole is most important. Thus energy consumption is an important issue for wireless sensor networks. Figure 1 shows the architecture of wireless sensor network. It consists of one sink node (or base station) and a (large) number of sensor nodes deployed over a