Crusp Case Study

CRISPR has been garnishing a lot of media attention recently and it is not just popular among the scientific community but also the general public. Several online news outlets and scientific journals have been talking about the significance CRISPR-Cas could have for the field of genetics and science as a whole. I even came across a Youtube video from The Verge, a tech channel that normally does reviews on new smartphones and laptops talking about CRISPR [15]. So why is CRISPR gaining so much attention both from the scientific community and the general public? The answer lies in the potential this technology possesses.

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat, referring to the repeating DNA sequences found in the genomes of microorganisms. CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes in genes by splicing and replacing these DNA sequences with new ones. Through these changes, the biology of the cell is altered and possibly affects the health of an organism. The possibilities are endless as this offers opportunities in curing deadly diseases, modifying genes, and changing humanity as we know it. Although bioengineering has been around since the 1960s, CRISPR is significant because of the comparative low costs and the ease of the procedure to

The author gives a brief history of past genome editing but thoroughly explains the history and mechanism of the CRISPR technology. She elaborates on how the technology has already been used to cure diseases and speculates on its future uses and regulation.

CRISPR or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat, is used to change the DNA. Today, as humans, we have learned how to use CRISPR for what we want it to do. This is a major break in what we know about DNA. For the future we are looking at how we can change DNA and control what the DNA changes to.

Decades ago, if an individual was diagnosed with conditions such as Huntington’s Disease, cancer, or MRSA it usually resulted in a life filled with doctor visits, multiple treatment plans, and rigorous prescription regimens. However, these conditions and the way they are treat could drastically change thanks to a scientific breakthrough known as clustered regularly interspaced shorts palindromic repeats or CRISPR for short. CRISPR technologies has the capability to be used in a wide array of clinical applications including personalized medicine, cancer treatment, and the prevention of heritable diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. With the ability to treat serious conditions and disorders such as these, CRISPR will revolutionize the

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are the trademark of a bacterial defense system that forms the basis for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. If you have already heard of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, great. If not, I’ll explain it. CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. This allows scientists to take away an illness or disease from someone’s DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been a polarizing topic due to ethical reasons. Some people believe that CRISPR is great technology that could and should be used for health reasons and even cosmetic reasons. This would mean

CRISPR-Cas9, a genome editing instrument, moves to change the field of biology forever. CRISPR was first observed as an innate defense mechanism used by bacteria. After years of development, scientists have been able to construct their own RNA that guides the CRISPR-Cas9. This allows them to control the behavior of the CRISPR-Cas9. What this could mean for the future is overwhelming.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR is an efficient and reliable ways to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells. It is a naturally occurring defence mechanism of bacteria. The first part of the defense system is CRISPR and it just remembers parts of viruses DNA so it can recognize and defend against the virus. The second part of the defense mechanism is a set of enzymes called Cas9 or CRISPR associated proteins. Cas9 precisely cuts DNA. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was found in streptococcus pyogenes or better know as the bacteria that causes strep throat. All of this is just shortened to CRISPR. Basicly Cas9 cuts DNA and CRISPR tells it where to cut. All biologists have to do give the Cas9

The CRISPR-Cas9 complex is derived from the immune system of bacterial cells and also contains repurposed exogenous RNA’s responsible for editing the human genome.1 To edit a gene within the genome, researchers add a CRISPR RNA (crRNA), which is complementary to the DNA code of interest and is responsible for binding. The crRNA is engineered to be extremely specific to the code of interest. A trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) is also necessary for guiding all the pieces of the complex together to carry out the function of editing. The repurposed CRISPR-Cas9 complex contains two nucleases, RuvC and HNH, which perform noncomplementary strand cleavage and complementary

Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) are an immune response evolved by bacteria and archea as an adaptive defense mechanism to invading DNA. (4) The CRISPR Cas9 system relies on the uptake of invading DNA fragments that are then inserted into CRISPR loci. (4) In the CRISPR loci, repeats are separated by nucleotide spacers which match and or composed of invading DNA.(4) New spacer DNA is incorporated by Cas1 and Cas2.(4) The CRISPR spacer loci then transcribe into short CRISPR RNAs (crRNA) which anneal to foreign nucleic acids in conjunction with complementary binding trans-activating cr RNA(tracrRNA) to form a duplex which is then cleaved to provide a guiding RNA cr/tracr RNA hybrid.(4) the RNA hybrid acts as a guiding mechanism for Cas9 by complementary binding to the invading nucleotides.(4) Cas9 is an endonuclease that can cause a double stranded cleave in DNA(4) Cas9 guided with sgRNA then cleaves the foreign DNA resulting in double stranded breaks effectively disrupting and thereby removing a gene.(1)(2)(3)(4) After a ds break occurs cellular machinery attempts to fix the break with non homologous end joining in which cellular systems effectively sutures the broken ends of the DNA by recombining the remaining ends of DNA to once again produce a continuous strand.(4) This

(2012) introduced a new genetic technique that was derived from the defense mechanisms of bacteria. Some bacteria use a CRISPR-Cas system to defend against foreign viral and plasmid genetic material. Once foreign targets enter the system, the bacteria will integrate its CRISPR array to parts of the nucleotide sequences on the invading sequence. The bacteria will then produce a precursor CRISPR-RNA that complements the invading sequence, and is used to find all foreign sequences that match it. These precursor RNAs will work with Cas proteins to cleave the foreign sequence, thus effectively silencing it. There are multiple types of CRISPR-Cas systems that bacteria use. Type 2 systems, paired with Cas-9, use another RNA sequence, tracrRNA (trRNA), as a complement to precursor CRISPR-RNA. These systems used both trRNA and precursor CRISPR-RNA to induce a double stranded cleave. After this discovery, a Cas9 protein was purified and tested to see if it would be able to cleave DNA. It was discovered that if both a trRNA and a precursor CRISPR RNA were present with complementary sequences to a sequence in a DNA strand, the result would be a double strand cleave in the DNA. Cas9 also contains two domains, each of which only cleave either the complementary or the non-complementary strand of the target DNA. After looking at both the trRNA and the precursor CRISPR RNA, researchers theorized that they could engineer a chimera RNA that combined certain sequences of both

Biology, in all of its glory, is quite amazing. It has always existed and always will; it merely just waits for a human to attempt to understand it. This understanding has taken centuries, however it seems to increase with the years. A very popular topic amongst biologists today is the genome, understanding it, mapping it, comparing one organism’s to another and so on. With the understanding of this genome though, we as humans want to delve into it, tweak it, and manipulate it until it is perfection to our standards. A development has arisen that will one day provide ways to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells (1). CRISPR- Cas9 is the development that many scientists believe will eventually change the face of

Gene editing used to be a relatively painful and laborious process until the development of CRISPR. In short (and seriously abridging the complex science), CRISPR stands for “Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats” and are segments of genetic code that, paired with an enzyme such as “Cas9,” have the potential to modify the genes of nearly every organism. The development of CRISPR is to genetics what the development of word processors was to writers; I type, delete, copy, and paste words in this essay (much like what CRISPR can do with genes) elegantly on

CRISPR was first mentioned by Japanese researchers in 1987, who discovered strange repeated sequences located in between spacers

Scientist Francisco Mojica was the first scientist to characterize a CRISPR locus in 1993, at the University of Alicante in Spain. Mojica studied CRISPR throughout the 1990’s and early 2000’s, and in 2002 the term CRISPR was first used in print by Ruud Jansen. Later, in 2005, Mojica discovered that sequences he discovered matched sections of genes from bacteriophage, which led him to hypothesize that CRISPR is actually an immune system from the bacteriophage. His hypothesis was indeed correct. Also in 2005, Cas9 was discovered by Alexander Bolotin, at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research while he was researching recently sequenced bacteria. Bolotin found that a CRISPR locus was similar to others that had already been discovered,