Daphnia Case Study

Three Daphnia magna were placed in a petri dish with a small amount of spring water. Each Daphnia magna was measured separately. The Daphnia magna was placed on a slide and their control heart rate was measured for 15 seconds under the microscope and multiplied by four. Then, it was placed in the epinephrine solution for two minutes.The Daphnia magna was placed back onto the slide with the spring water and the heart rate was measured again for 15 seconds and later multiplied by four to observe the effect of epinephrine on the heart rate. They were then placed into a different petri dish of spring water after their experimental heart rate was recorded. All the heart rate values were placed into a Microsoft Excel document. The controlled variables included the temperature of the water, the time subjected to the epinephrine solution, and the time used for measuring the control heart rate and the epinephrine heart

At first the average Heart rate of Daphnia was 22 with no treatment after measuring it for three times. Afterward when I putted 15% of Ethanol on Daphnia I found out that Ethanol does affect Daphnia and caused to decrease the heart rate of Daphnia after measuring it for three times. Daphnia’s heart rate was decreased by 7 after putting Ethanol. I would classify Ethanol as a depressant because it decreased the heart rate of Daphnia.

The pathophysiology of alcoholism begins after alcohol the ingestion of alcohol. It is absorbed and unaltered through the stomach and intestines. Next it is distributed throughout the body through the blood and absorbed by all tissues and fluids (Huether, 2012, p. 72). Furthermore, in the liver the alcohol blood content is metabolized into acetaldehyde by the enzymes process of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), and catalase (Huether & McCance, 2012). Next, the metabolizing effects the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibits a depressant action. It is first expressed in the subcortical structures of the brain. This has an effect of disorientation of motor skills and intellect. With an increase in blood alcohol concentration, the medullary centers become depressed and as a result affects respiration (Huether & McCance, 2012). In addition, the effects of alcoholism encourage hepatic and gastric changes. The hepatic effect is caused by acetaldehyde, in which, induces inflammation, fatty deposits and enlargement of the liver (Huether & McCance, 2012).

These effects lead to the familiar signs of drunkenness: difficulty walking, slurred speech, memory lapses, and impulsive behavior. Long-term heavy drinking can shrink the frontal lobes of the brain, which impairs thinking skills” (NIH Senior Health, 2012). Additionally, Alcohol has a detrimental affect one the liver, another vital organ in the body. It causes an infectious death upon the liver, especially if consumption is taking place for a long period time. Interestingly enough, statistics show that drinking alcohol can affect the heart in good and bad ways. On one hand, studies show that moderate drinking -- up to two drinks a day for men and one drink for women -- can lower the chances of developing heart disease. On the other hand; however, heavy drinking -- either all at once or over time -- can damage the heart. Long-term alcohol use can also result in high blood pressure, which increases a person's risk of heart disease (NIH Senior Health, 2012).

The pathophysiology of Alcohol affects virtually every organ system in the body. Therefore, consuming to much alcohol in high

In order to complete this exercise, two different procedures were conducted; one measured the basal heart rate, and the other measured the drug-induced heart rate. A sample 's basal heart rate can be defined as the “resting” heart rate. This is when no drugs or altering substances are applied. In comparison, the drug-induced heart rate of a sample can be defined as the heart rate after the drug was administered to the surrounding environment. The four drugs tested on the Daphnia specimens were Acetylcholine, Caffeine,

High blood pressure is also referred to ‘silent killer”. Hypertension leads to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, and ultimately death, if the issues are not diagnosed early and well- treated (James et al., 2013). The association between high blood pressure and alcohol consumption was also studied according to which measurement of patterns of time, were recorded with reference to elevations in blood pressure due to alcohol consumption. It was found that a considerable increase in blood pressure at the time of morning; was associated with alcohol consumption independently of smoking by means of a dose-dependent pattern. There were twelve fold increments in risk for heart diseases in Men with severe hypertension. In addition, hypertensive patients, if drink alcohol then risk increases further and leads towards stroke (Hillbom, Saloheimo & Juvela,

For each test solution and base HR, the daphnia was submerged for ten-minutes to allow the chemicals to take effect, for daphnia are ectotherms and their body adapts to the surrounding environment. The data in Table 1 and Graph 1 answer the question of whether a daphnia, when exposed two depressants, i.e. melatonin and ethanol, will result in an average heart rate (HR) lower in comparison to the two depressants being administered individually. Over the three trials conducted for each of the test solution for daphnia 1, it can be concluded that 10% ethanol administration resulted in almost 2.6 fold, that is approximately 60%, decrease in HR. Therefore, ethanol had a depressant effect on average BPM, similar to Corotto's findings. (2010) Also, since the first daphnia died after

Table 1 (Figure 3) shows that the control is the lowest in heart rate, from there the heartbeat goes up when the daphnia are exposed to sugar. The difference between the control and the rest of the tests is very large. Although the data is very spread, the averages clearly show a significant difference between the results. The control group clearly showed that the heart rate of a daphnia magna is lower than the other two tests. The solution using the juice had more effect on the heart rate of a daphnia magna than a sugar solution and the control. The two sets of data that were taken with the daphnia exposed to the solutions were very close and shows that both have similar effects on the heart rate, they both increase the BPM of the daphnia

Hypertension is defined at a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or greater. In the United States, 70 million or 29% of adults have high blood pressure (Nwankwo, Yoon, Burt, & Gu 2013). High blood pressure is an indicator for higher risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease. The role of the heart is to pump blood and oxygen throughout the body, the presence of alcoholism compromises the heart and leads to a defective system. According to Fernandez-Sola (2015), the heart and vascular system are susceptible to the harmful effects of alcohol. Alcohol is an active toxin and undergoes widespread diffusion throughout the body. Alcohol consumption decreases myocardial

Daphyne, the changes you pointed out in your post were areas that needed to be specifically addressed. This is because the last time proposals to shape improvements were addressed was in 1991. There are approximately 1.5 million residents in over 15,000 long term care (LTC) facilities across the United States. This represents a large number of the elderly populations and the strict monitoring of their care is vital to decrease preventable hospital readmissions and uncalled-for infections, raise the quality of care, and reinforce safety procedures for the residents of LTC facilities. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary, Sylvia M. Burwell stated, “this proposal is just one part of the administration’s overall commitment

Alcohol, being the most socially acceptable drug in society causes “13000 deaths in car crashes, 780,000 DUI (Driving under the influence) arrests and causes 40% of violent crimes under the influence of alcohol”3. These statistics are immensely disturbing and overwhelming. The fact that alcohol can cause death and destruction is an enigma in which why alcohol is not banned by the government. Even more so, excessive alcohol consumption contributes to arrhythmias (irregular heart beat), stroke and fibrosis of the liver4. However, as the word pharmakon dictates, alcohol is also a remedy and has several health benefits.

The effects associated with alcohol are produced by the ethanol in the alcohol. The severity of these effects is reflected by the concentration of alcohol in an individual’s blood, which is dictated by the amount of alcohol ingested, the volume of blood, the individual’s metabolism, and amount of time since ingestion. In large doses, alcohol acts as a depressant of the central nervous-system. A blood alcohol level of 0.1% affects some of the motor areas of the brain associated with speech, balance and manual dexterity. A blood alcohol level of 0.2% depresses all motor functions and the area concerned with emotions is depressed. At a blood alcohol level of 0.45% the entire section of the brain that handles perception is depressed and the individual becomes comatose. At a blood alcohol level of 0.7% the parts of the brain that control the heartbeat and breathing are depressed and the individual

    Alcohol use has become widespread and has become almost inextricably linked with a number of social, cultural, and religious events.When consumed in moderation, alcohol is relatively safe and, in some cases, even provide the users with limited health benefits. An example being how research has shown that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol may protect healthy adults from developing coronary heart disease (NIAAA). Low levels of intoxication are likely to result in increased sociability and euphoria. On the other hand, higher levels of alcohol consumption can result in sedation and dangerously low pulse and breathing rate. Alcohol use causes many different types of injuries, including injuries from road traffic accidents, assaults and falls (Alcohol – the Body & Health Effects). This is usually because high levels of blood alcohol impair the brain’s thought processes and

I started out my search at the local library, looked through some books about alcohol, and found several ranging from its uses and abuses to teenage drinking. I did not bother looking in the encyclopedia because I figured that the people who wrote these books had already done it for me. The first book I looked through was by Alan R. Lang (February 29, 2000); I skimmed through the table of contents of the book and saw that it had a section devoted to the short term as well as the long-term effects of alcohol. So, in order to get a better understanding of this issue I turned to the specified page and found that the effect of alcohol is directly related to ones BAC, or blood alcohol concentration (Lang 39). This is what makes different kinds of people engage in a wide array of behaviors, such as when two people drink the same amount of alcohol but the person who has more body mass does not feel the effects of the alcohol. The other person, who has less body mass will get ‘drunk” faster and is said to have less of a “tolerance for alcohol”.