Figure of Merit (FOM) is a mathematical expression that accounts for detection efficiency and background noise, and is used to optimize system performance. The desire of this study is to maximize the detection system’s efficiency and minimize its background signal. The highest optimization potential occurs at FOM’s peak value. Finding the optimum counting region of interest is an iterative process and an important first step in the characterization of a detection system. A standard solution/sample’s FOM value is determined by first counting it and determining its efficiency and spillover. The detector electronics for most detection systems have multiple adjustable parameters (e.g. applied voltage, amplifier gain, low level discriminator), which are adjusted to eliminate electronic noise. These parameter optimizations are useful for reaching the optimum counting conditions. In equation 1, ε is the counting efficiency in percent and B is the radiation background count rate. Maximizing the FOM can optimize the conditions in achieving the highest efficiency for a given background. Figure of Merit (FOM) = ε^2/B (Eq. 1) The optimization is achieved by adjusting the operating voltage for a given discriminator setting and the discriminator setting for a given operating voltage to find the optimal balance [Pujol et al., 2000]. Reducing the operating voltage of the PMT can decrease the background count rate but may also reduce the counting efficiency. Calculating FOM with
Through the power of today's advanced technology, the use of digital communication has changed the way society communicates with each other. Although digital communication is widely used all around the world it brings some positive and negative implications to physical communication. On average more than 2 million kiwis use facebook every day. Seventy-nine percent of those people use Facebook to stay connected to friends and family (Firstdigital 2015) Digital communication allows people and business to stay connected to the internet, but the use of too much digital communication can have harsh consequences to a person's relationship
Minimizing FN results would increase sensitivity because when the FN is minimized the TP is maximized so as to maintain a constant denominator (TP + FN). So increasing the value of TP will result in increasing sensitivity.
The programmed algorithm is shown in Figure 6.The program was developed using LabVIEW System design software. The entire experimental set-up is shown in Figure 7.
Table.2 shown the best results of vertical resolution used in shorter pulse duration is better for the higher frequency and very similar for the 1 GHz, 800 MHz and 500 MHz. More which explains why the results obtained in Tables 3 was the same for both frequency. Because of the different materials used in the experiments metallic and wooden bars, the resolution show the metal bars are worsen, due to their higher electromagnetic contrast, amongst other things. The second reflector, so a bigger separation is needed to detect it as discrete events. This effect is more relevant when the reflectors are closer to the antennas and particular for the 500 MHz antenna (Table 3). The horizontal resolution obtained for the 1 GHz and 800 MHz is very similar and much better than for the 500 MHz. As expected, horizontal resolution worsens as the reflectors are moved away from the frequency, mainly because their footprint size gets larger. In radargrams (a) and (b) of Figs. 9, 11 and 13, the
Initially flag value is set to zero and MPP can be tracked easily by using the flag value. Under MPP condition flag value is set to one. The conventional incremental conductance can be implemented if the flag value is zero. When the condition in (8) is reached the system operates
The comparison of above three algorithms for 8, 16 and 32 bit operands with corresponding voltage and frequency are tabulated in table I
Landscape mode is used when you want the whole scene focused in the photo. To keep the photo focused, it uses a small aperture. Since it uses a smaller aperture, it uses a small shutter speed too.
We compare the running time in Table 6.1. The detection time per frame and working platforms of [13, 5, 2] are obtained from the original papers.
Then second test has been performed to determine the optimal value of thd , So that the best detection rate occurs when thd =0.6 which 90% attackers have been detected. Because as thd value is greater than 0.6 , then false alarm rate is increasing. Therefore, we select thd value such that
Balogh et al. (2008) was the first group to our knowledge that correlated clinical parameters to ERG findings. They found a significant negative relationship between a-wave amplitude and positive PANSS scores at the baseline assessment (r=−0.51, p800mg/day, several case reports noted changes at lower doses. Melleril was discontinued worldwide in June, 2005 due to concerns regarding increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death.
Aperture value which is a camera mode that allows you to choose the shutter speed. You would use this mode when you need to get a right exposer based off of the lighting.
This technique is excellent for differentiation of alpha-emitters due to peak resolution of as high as 10 keV with typical resolution of 25-30 keV [Knoll, 2010]. The detection efficiency is relatively poor (3 – 20%), but because of the inherently low background of less than one count per hour in carefully controlled systems, low minimum detection concentrations are achievable [Knoll, 2010]. The method has a high sensitivity for detecting alpha-emitting radionuclides. The ability to discriminate among different energy levels can be used for isotope specific measurements. If the alpha source is prepared in a proper way, there is no significant self-absorption in the alpha source itself [Knoll, 2010].
measures between brightness distributions. Experiments performed on picture with 3 faces display that the 3 bin-by-bin measures along with Minkowski-shape distance, Chi-rectangular distance and Bhattacharyya reserve provide a real positive value of 56.76%, 59.46% and 48.65% respectively, while cross-bin measures such as Earth Movers Distance (EMD), Match distance and Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance deliver decrease genuine fantastic rates of 32.43%, 32.43% and 37.44r% respectively. Results of threshold based totally method for picture with faces display that the three bin-by way of-bin measures which includes Minkowski-shape distance, Chi-square distance and Bhattacharyya distance deliver a true wonderful price of sixty three.16%, 63.16% and 60.53% respectively, whereas go-bin measures which
Phosphor flat panel detector is a type of indirect digital detector. The working principle of this type of detector involves x-rays being absorbed by a layer of thallium activated cesium iodide phosphor CsI(Tl) that is eventually deposited onto photodiodes. The
By Tribuvan Kumar Prakash Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering Visveswaraiah Technological University, Karnataka, 2004. August 2007