Dna Barcoding Research Paper

Corals build colonies that secrete calcium carbonate to form ocean reefs. When they're healthy, coral reefs provide shelter and food for animals all along the food chain, including the top: us. Across the planet, half a billion people rely, directly and indirectly, on corals for their living. That's why what happens to the 9,000-year-old Great Barrier Reef, as well as to other reefs worldwide, is critical. The floods in Queensland have hurt the Great Barrier Reef by funnelling into the ocean vast plumes of freshwater and agricultural runoff that could severely damage the coral. Besides the extreme rain that sparked the floods, rising ocean temperatures, changes to the ocean's chemistry and the global trade in natural resources — all symptoms of our fossil-fuel economy — are waging a multiform war on the marine

Coral reefs not only protect coastlines and beaches from wave damage and erosion, but also are the basis for the fishing and tourism industries. Dying reefs is a worldwide problem, and evidence shows that 10% of the entire world’s coral has died, and 60% will die by 2020 if existing conditions continue (NOAA 2000). The reason that the Australian Great Barrier Reef is so important is because not only is it the largest barrier reef in the world, but it is also one of the most evolved models of how to best manage and protect the world’s largest reef system (Ornitz 1996). It extends for 2,340 kilometers (km), covers 345,000 square km and contains 2,900 reefs, 300 coral cays and 600 continental islands (White 1999). Historically, it has been ahead of the rest of the world in terms of recognizing and addressing problems associated with reef degradation.

Tourism in Australia has evolved over the years and continues to increase to this day, however it is the effects that tourists have the ability to place on the Southern Great Barrier Reef which are potentially threatening for, not only the reef of lady Elliot Island, however, the corals surrounding it. “International visitations within Australia alone reached 3.9 million visitors within the first 7 months of 2014, which was an increase of approximately 9.5%, a number which continues to rise” (Tourism Australia, 2015). However, with this increasing number, comes possible damaging effects to the surrounding reefs of Lady Elliot Island, possibly leading to the excessive damage of corals due to activities and infrastructure requirements

Consisting of less than 1% of the world oceans, the coral reefs are ancient animals comprising of thin calcium carbonate deposits within the photic layer. Aside from its biologically diverse ecosystems, coral reefs are major source of food for millions and provides habitats and nursery areas for many marine organisms. Coral reefs also act as a physical buffer to protect the coastlines from tropical storms and erosion. In addition, many local communities rely on coral reefs to generate an income through activities such as fishing and diving. However, 75% of the coral reefs are under threat from induced impacts of humans and climate change (Burke, et al., 2011). This essay looks at the human impacts constantly being inflicted on coral reefs.

Irreversible destruction is occurring to our coral reef system. The majority of this destruction is caused by the human race. It is important that the people of the world come together to determine how to keep our precious resources in tact for future generations.

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When I first started reading the article I could not believe in the idea of DNA barcoding. As I continued reading I was even more upset with the measure people would go to sale fake goods. I thought that I really do not want anyone missing with my food. The article allowed me to see the bigger picture of DNA Barcoding. People have found ways to made foods look as if we are eating fish, chicken and other goods. I think the DNA Barcoding is a step in the right direction because a lot of are foods are filled with hormones and things that should not go into are body. If DNA Barcoding cuts down on this why not try to find ways to improve and crack down on the fake goods.

Coral reef ecosystems around the globe are threatened by human interferences and climate change. This has led to many scientists conducting studies on global coral reef ecosystems to gain a better understanding of the cause and effects of coral reef damage. In both Hodgson’s (1999) and Carpenter et al.’s (2008) studies, they are aware of the continuous degradation of global coral reef ecosystems. Hodgson's study involved conducting a survey on global coral reef ecosystems to see whether human actions were affecting the health of supposed pristine Coral reefs. Carpenter et al. incorporated Hodgson’s study into a compiled study about the possible extinction of reef building corals due to climate change and anthropogenic effects. Carpenter’s

Coastal reefs are destroyed by sediment. Erosion caused by construction (both along coasts and inland), mining, logging, and farming is leading to increased sediment in rivers. This ends up in the ocean, where it can 'smother' corals by depriving them of the light needed to survive. The destruction of mangrove forests, which normally trap large amounts of sediment, is exacerbating the problem. Some tourist resorts and infrastructure have been built directly on top of reefs, and some resorts empty their sewage or other wastes directly into water surrounding coral reefs. Fishing operations have expanded to, quite literally, every corner of the ocean over the last 100 years, due to the fact that technology now exists that enables humans to find and catch every single fish in the oceans, no matter where they are located on the planet. This affects the ecological balance of coral reef communities, warping the food chain and causing effects far beyond the directly overfished

Coral reefs have been around for thousands of years, recently now many are being damaged beyond repair. Around two-thirds of coral reefs worldwide have serious damage and are under big threat. Destructive fishing and overfishing affect the ecological balance of coral reefs and will lead to damage of the habitat. While pollution, careless tourism and climate change are some more major issues for coral reefs today. Coral reefs are important to us because they support enormous biodiversity, but they also provide many goods and are very valuable.

Known as the rainforest of the ocean, corals are beyond vital for our oceans and for our Earth as a whole. Corals supply a variety of sea life species with food, shelter, and protection which affect our ecosystem including humans. However, these vital creatures are being negatively affected by natural and human caused disasters. These disasters include, temperature and acidity fluctuations, run off, known as pollution, storms, and overfishing. These disasters are what cause coral bleaching. The extent of coral bleaching is only increasing and we must preserve corals before they become extinct. However, the coral that has already been bleached by these disasters are not completely hopeless. There is a possibility to reverse coral bleaching if watched and treated carefully.

Since this barcoding method uses DNA to differentiate organisms, it is much more accurate than just identifying the organisms by what they look like. Through this more

Coral reefs provide important ecosystem goods and services, such as fisheries and tourism, and have great cultural value. However, human impacts such as climate change, overfishing, pollutant run-off, coral harvesting and recreational fishing have significant effects on the regenerative processes of coral reef species and are increasing the prevalence of coral bleaching events. Human impacts can be categorised into two categories; acute, which are brief disturbances that occur suddenly, and chronic which have long-term impacts and are often difficult to stop. Due to human disturbances, the dominance of corals in the marine ecosystem is slowly drifting away to seaweed or other non-coral

The deterioration of coral reefs is mainly linked to human activities – 88% of coral reefs are threatened through various reasons as

The human impact of tourism on reefs, while having its economic and social benefits, also has detrimental impacts on the surrounding environment of the reefs, globally. A study, conducted by the ARC Centre of Excellence: Coral Reef Studies has stated that more than half of Latin America’s coral reefs are potentially going to be tainted and disintegrated within the next 5-10 years and that 70% of the world’s coral reefs are likely to vanish by 2030, as a result of tourism related activities (ARC Centre of Excellence, 2011). An example of this coral loss can be seen below, in Image 1.1, which demonstrates the estimated coral loss along the North-East coast of Queensland, in the next 15 years.