THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP EDUCATION INTERVENTION TO INCREASE CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING UPTAKE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ethics has become a cornerstone when doing effective and meaningful research. Hence, the ethical behaviour of researchers is under unprecedented scrutiny (Best & Kahn, 2006).
Ethics in Public health involves identification, analysis, and resolving of ethical problems springing up in Public health practice. Ethical principles that govern public health practice are mainly expected to increase benefit and reduce harm unnecessarily to participating individuals. There are some ethical principles and guidelines which have been developed to safeguard and protect the dignity and rights of people. The ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects by Helsinki, (1964) states that; “The health and safety of the patient is the prime consideration at all times”.
This is guided by the research governance which are the principles for undertaking and distributing research of good quality. It is paramount to ensure that research is conducted with high standards.
Steen & Roberts (2011, p 119) states that;
“Research governance aims to limit poor practice, adverse incidents, misconduct and fraud. It plays a role in ensuring that lessons are learned and shared when poor practice is identified”.
Ethically, it is of paramount importance to get the necessary and right authorisations before carrying out a research. Ethical principles usually
In health and social care, four key Ethical Principles that are taken into account during these settings. Which are:
In health and social care sector, health care professionals take into account four key ethical principles when providing service to the service users. The key ethical principles are justice, autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. In health and social care settings people must be treated fairly without being judgemental regardless of who they are or where they come from. Health care professionals must allow their service users choose the type of services or treatment they want and the professional should support them in getting quality care that will benefit their service users. Also, health care professional must not
Even though codes of ethics are written down, they are not known as rules, but it is given to set the boundaries of what is and is not an acceptable way to conduct research
Ethics is a strongly culturally linked area of philosophy interrelated with what is considered acceptable human conduct. There are two branches of ethics; medical ethics and bioethics. The moral conduct and principles which govern practices of medical and health professionals falls under medical ethics, whereas in biomedicine and the health sciences theorised developments in the study of social and moral issues is considered bioethics(1). There are two philosophical principles within the conduction of health care research these are deontology and utilitarianism. Deontology is an approach to ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions (2). Utilitarianism states that the most benefit
To ensure that a researcher’s enthusiasm for knowledge and understanding doesn’t let them get carried away, clear guidelines for ethical behaviour in research, a Code of Ethics, have been established by governments, institutions and various professional societies such as the American Psychological Association(APA), the British Psychological Society (BPS) and the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI).
There are four principles of ethics: Respect for autonomy, Beneficence, Non maleficence and Justice. This four principles offers comprehensive thought of the ethical issues in clinical settings (Beauchamp and Childress 2001 cited in UK Clinical ethics Network 2011).
In health and social care, four key Ethical Principles that are taken into account during these settings. Which are:
I believe the guidelines put forth in the Belmont Report and implemented into the Common Rule are necessary to ensure the safety of human research subjects. These rules are designed to protect both the research subject(s) and the scientists/doctors conducing the research.
The Belmont Report identified three principles essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans:
Informed consent is an essential part of the research process. Informed consent allows participants the choice to participate in the study or
What is ethics? Merriam-webster dictionary defines ethics as: the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation. Ethics and beliefs are ubiquitous throughout the modern world and always arise in numerous topics, issues, and arguments. When it comes to any research processes, ethics is something that must be considered in order to benefit both the results and the people involved. When ethical issues in medical research arise, the thought of the patient is paramount; ensuring that the patient knows exactly what is taking place through informed consent, that they have the respect to autonomy and confidentiality, that they are to remain unharmed, and the most vulnerable patients have the same treatment as all other
Medical ethics and legal issues have been a key topic in medical field for many years now. It is important for medical professionals to understand the importance of the way we care for patients, it is therefore important to be knowledgeable and aware of the medical ethics and legal issues that govern good patient care. Health care professionals must make decisions based on ethical and legal issues to performance their regular duties. However, Medical ethics is not only about avoiding harm to patients. It is rather a norms, values and principles (Ethical theories 2015). Therefore norms, values and principles are intended to govern medical ethical conduct. Ethics is defined as “a standard of behaviour and a concept of right and wrong beyond what the legal consideration is in any given situation”. In another words medical ethics is a discipline that used to handle moral problems coming out the care of patients. Law is another important discipline that often comes together with medical ethics. Law defined as a “rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority”. Government imply law to keep the society running smoothly and to control behaviour that could threaten public safety. Medical professionals have to often prioritise these terms before making any clinical decision. The following findings will constructively emphasise on medical ethics, its
Ethics are the norms or standards for conduct that distinguish between right and wrong. They help to determine the difference between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Why are ethical considerations so important in research? First, ethical standards prevent against the fabrication or falsifying of data and therefore, promote the pursuit of knowledge and truth which is the primary goal of research. Ethical behavior is also critical for collaborative work because it encourages an environment of trust, accountability, and mutual respect among researchers. This is especially important when considering issues related to data sharing, co-authorship, copyright guidelines, confidentiality, and many other issues. Researchers must also adhere to ethical standards in order for the public to support and believe in the research. The public wants to be assured that researchers followed the appropriate guidelines for issues such as human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, conflicts of interest, safety, health standards and so on. The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and guide researchers. These codes address issues such as honesty, objectivity,
There are three basic principles to consider when evaluating the ethics of a study: 1) respect for persons, 2) beneficence, and 3) justice (Houser, J., 2012, pg. 54-56). To apply these
Also, the researcher must be able to obtain the trust of the subjects in order to acquire good data. Researchers must be trained in conducting ethical research, and be sensitive to subjects, especially when probing them personally, or observing on the job. A researcher should also be experienced with organizing and analyzing data as this can be a challenging process. The researcher must know how to build reliability and validity into the process. For example, if more than one interviewer is used, are there controls in place to ensure consistency of questioning, and to reduce bias? Is everyone involved using consistent methods to document data? Is everyone involved using consistent methods to analyze information? These are just a few examples of challenges in ensuring reliability and consistency.