Effects Of Eigenmodes Of Alfv?�n Waves

The 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov Effect. Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by particles moving through a medium faster than the speed of light in the same medium. It was fist a detected by Soviet scientist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, of who the effect is named after and a theory was later developed by Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm. Cherenkov’s contributions still live on as an invaluable tool in today's nuclear and subatomic particle physics with examples that include a way to detect and quantify the characteristics of subatomic particles to analyzing high energy cosmic signals from the deepest regions of space. More down to earth uses consist of safety procedures for nuclear reactors and the detection of low concentration biomolecules in the sick and elderly.

“Tachyons are subatomic particles that travel not only at the speed of light, but also all the way up to infinity,” Pars revealed. “The breakthrough came when we detected the Tachyon particles in the northern Aurora Borealis and later also in the southern Aurora Australis. In other words, the solar storms shed plasma containing many charged particles such as electrons and protons that collect in the north and south of the Earth’s magnetic field. These charged particles in the plasma excite the gas in Earth’s atmosphere producing glowing auroras as well as Tachyons in the process. The auroras are in the thermosphere, between five hundred and a thousand kilometers above the Earth.

When light atomic nuclei fuse together to form heavier ones, a large amount of energy is released. This is a very difficult process to recreate on earth - gases need to be heated to extremely high temperatures (about 100 millions degrees C) to produce a plasma which then needs to be contained for a sufficiently long period for fusion to occur. 2. To reach these temperatures there must first be powerful heating, and thermal losses must be minimized by keeping the hot fuel particles away from the walls of the container. This is achieved by creating a magnetic “cage” made by strong magnetic fields, which prevent the particles from escaping.

“Why are alpha and beta rays deflected in opposite directions in a magnetic field? Why are gamma rays undeflected?”

Franklin Chang Diaz created improved versions of the Variable Specific Magnetoplasma Rocket(VASIMR). The VASIMR rocket engine turns argon, xenon, or hydrogen into superheated plasma. It does this by first ionizing it, knocking an electron loose from each gas atom with a Helicon coupler. Then, using an Ion Cyclotron Heating (ICH) coupler, it heats plasma to temperatures at about the temperature in the Sun’s core(9,999,726.85℃). The ICH coupler

Beta radiation/emission – Beta particles are electrons (0-1e) that have been released from the nucleus of a

Sobral et al (2006) examined ionospheric response to high intensity long duration aurora electrojet activities. Using the equatorial, sub-equatorial and low latitude regions to observe their responses to High Intensity Long Duration Aurora ElectroJet Activity (HILDAA) between 2000 and 2001 on solar wind and interplanetary magnetic and electric field. The result provided a clear evidence of thermospheric wind and dynamo electric field perturbation in the F layer. The solar wind speed varies between ~350km/s - ~480km/s while the Dst index has a steady amplitude of －50nT. Sustained high intensity AE activity during HILDAA generate more disturbance equator-ward which is quite close or resembles that of the geomagnetic storm. Concluding that

Gyrotrons are the radiation source of choice for applications which require medium radiation powers from a few watts to several tens of watts at frequencies above 200 GHz. Gyrotrons look promising for plasma diagnostics and various pump-probe spectroscopy methods. For instance, gyrotrons are already successfully used for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1–5 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) where significant sensitivity enhancement was observed with sub-terahertz irradiation power of 1–10 W. (-- removed HTML --)

Every now and then, on the surface of the sun, a solar flare is conceived as a result of which electrons and protons are blown towards earth by something called “solar winds”. These solar protons and electrons are results of a form of solar activity know as a coronal mass ejection or (CME).These winds travel at a speed of

(-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) A (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) i (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) e (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) − (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) i (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) ω (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) t (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) type oscillation of the (-- removed HTML --) i (-- removed HTML --) -th foreign particle, to obtain an eigenmode equation. Solving the equation, we then find the “energy” eigenvalue (the eigenfrequency (-- removed HTML --) ω (-- removed HTML --) ). To each eigenvalue, we can calculate the corresponding eigenvector (the “energy” eigenstate) (-- removed HTML --) A (-- removed HTML --) i (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) , i.e., the amplitude of the foreign particles. Making a “momentum” measurement of the eigenmode, i.e., expanding the eigenvector by a spatial Fourier translation, we resolve the degeneracy of the “energy”

They have also determined how the Gardner solution differs from the KdV and mKdV solutions based on the typical data of Refs. (-- removed HTML --) 19 (-- removed HTML --) , (-- removed HTML --) 40 (-- removed HTML --) , and (-- removed HTML --) 41 (-- removed HTML --) , and mentioned that these plasmas may exist in various cosmic dust-laden plasmas, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 42,43 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) where two distinct temperature ions (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 41,44,45 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) can significantly modify the wave dynamics. However, the role of the head-on collisions between the DA waves may not be ignored, because it plays an important role in understanding physical scenarios of plasmas. Being motivated by the potentiality of the problems related to the astrophysical, space, and laboratory plasmas, the head-on collisions among the DA single- and multi-solitons and their phase shifts in unmagnetized plasmas consisting of massive negatively charged mobile dust particles, Boltzmann distributed electrons, and two-temperature nonthermal ions are investigated; the two-temperature nonthermal cold and hot ions occupy two different regions of phase space. The effects of cold and hot ions temperature ratio ( (-- removed HTML --)

(-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 13 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The RPA mechanism may also considerably contribute to other acceleration mechanisms, e.g., target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA), (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 14 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) Coulomb explosion (CE), (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 15 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) Break-Out-Afterburner (BOA), (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 16 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) and Magnetic Vortex Acceleration (MVA). (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 17 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The directed-Coulomb-explosion (DCE) regime (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 18 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) gives an example of efficient ion acceleration through cumulative effect of RPA, TNSA, and CE, especially for the target of optimum thickness with strong volumetric heating of electrons by

The relationship between plasma collisionality and intermittency has been investigated for density and potential fluctuations in the stellarator TJ-K, as well as with Hasegawa-Wakatani simulations. The intermittency level was determined in experiments using two methods. First, the scale separated kurtosis analysis consisted of applying a wavelet transform to density and potential time series and calculating the kurtosis of the wavelet coefficients at a chosen frequency scale, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 30 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) similar to the method of calculating the kurtosis of a high-pass filtered signal. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 24 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --)

Fast ignition (FI) (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) is a promising approach to realize inertial confinement fusion in laboratory since it relaxes the symmetry requirement of implosion while it has the potential to provide higher energy gains than the conventional central hot-spot scheme. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 2 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) In this approach, the ignition is triggered by heating the compressed fuel with a “fast” (∼MeV) electron beam, which is generated by a separate ultra-intense laser (UIL) either in a cone-in-shell concept (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 3,4 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) or in a

Since the H-mode was discovered in the 1980s, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) this operating regime, with high energy confinement, has been adopted as reference scenarios for next generation tokamaks such as ITER. However, the H-mode confinement is often accompanied by the edge localized modes (ELMs). (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 2,3 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) Large ELM bursts can potentially cause a significant damage to the plasma facing components of tokamaks, in particular, in future devices such as ITER. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 4 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) In addition, in advanced tokamaks, large ELMs can couple