Electroencephalogram Analysis

* Electrocenphalogram- Detects electrical activity in the brain while awake or asleep. The brain cells communicate 24/7 via electrical impulses.

Have had abnormal results from an electroencephalogram (EEG). This test measures electrical activity in the brain. An EEG can predict whether seizures will return (recur).

Music can change mood, have stimulant or sedative effects, and after physiologic process such as heart rate and breathing.

However, his mother discovered by chance, that when David talks to them on the phone he recognizes her voice and has an emotional response. Dr. Ramachandran states that the answer to this is another pathway that leads to the auditory cortex to the amygdala. This pathway suffered no damage from his accident. Because of this David has no delusions when conversing over the phone with his parents.

Whenever a seizure occurs, it forms a rhythmic activity. A typical EEG with seizure is given in Figure 1

Furthermore, it can be argued that there may be no point in testing for EEG reactivity since studies had shown that some specific EEG patterns seen in anoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest suggests a poor outcome and these patterns do not react to external stimuli such as in alpha coma (Misra and Kalita 2005; Kaplan and Sutter 2012), generalised burst suppression (Blum and Rutkove 2007; Sandroni, C et al 2014) and status epilepticus (Sandroni, C et al., 2014). However, the specificity of these EEG patterns in the determination of prognosis is low (63%) according to Thenayan et al (2010). They found four patients with malignant EEG pattern recovered awareness. However, evaluation of EEG reactivity has significantly improved prognostification

The electrocardiogram was recorded using an eMotion Faros device (Mega Electronics Ltd, sampling rate 1000 Hz), using Ag–AgCl electrodes and a standard limb lead II electrode configuration. Interbeat intervals were derived using QRS complex detection based on Hilbert transformation. Following Lackner et al. (2013) and Papousek et al. (2013), after artifact correction, interbeat intervals were resampled with 4 Hz using piecewise cubic spline interpolation in order to obtain the transient cardiac responses to the cartoons. Data from 0.5 s before the presentation of the cartoon and until 6 s after the presentation were analyzed. Changes in the transient cardiac response were calculated relative to the mean of the 0.5 s time frame before the presentation of the cartoon. Next, the relative changes in the transient heart rate were averaged for each participant across all trials of all blocks for the cartoon and control

The various activity levels of the brain are defined as brain waves and divided into four basic groups according to wavelength. Delta waves range between 0-4 Hz, Theta waves range between 4-8 Hz, Alpha waves range between 8-13 Hz and Beta waves are greater than 13 Hz. Alpha waves are typical of states of quiet rest, none particular activity and sometimes when the eyes are closed. Beta waves are typical of states of alertness, attentiveness or active thinking. Beta waves appear also in the REM sleep stage along with Theta waves while the other sleep stages are characterized by Theta and Delta brain activity .

Polysomnography is a type of technology that documents brain waves and various body movements (Moorcroft, 2013, pg. 17). It also recognizes the sleep and wake periods during an individual’s sleep (Moorcroft, 2013, pg. 17). It is defined by “alert wakefulness”, “drowsy wakefulness”, N1, N2, and N3 (aka non-REM sleep), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) (Moorcroft, 2013, pg. 18). Polysomnography identifies with electrical energy that the different areas of the body gives off through sensors (Moorcroft, 2013, pg. 18). These results are then recorded on a piece of paper with ink lines or documented as lines on the computer, which are then saved on the computer (Moorcroft, 2013, pg. 18). Polysomnography measures three things, which are brain waves, eye movement, and

Music has been a part of human daily life for centuries, giving us energy, relaxation, and enjoyment. Over the past few decades, music has become increasingly involved with the treatment of numerous diseases. An individual’s reaction to music can be based off their mood, emotion, or just their liking. But regardless of a person’s preference, the tempo of music has found to be the main factor that affects an individual’s physiological response (Bernardi et al. 2009). Music can be a useful tool in medical treatments due to all individuals reacting in a similar manner.

This background research is about how music can affect the heart rate. What we would do is we would is, one person at at time will sit in a chair and we will put a electrocardiogram on their chest. Then we would play different types of music. After that we would see which music affected the heart rate and which one did not.

EEG signals can be used effectively to study the mental states and ailments related to the brain. The inherent issues with the EEG signal are that it is highly nonlinear in nature and its visual interpreta-tions are tedious and subjective prone to inter-observer variations. To help researchers better analyze EEG signals, we have presented various signal analysis techniques de-noising, feature extraction, classification methods in this review. Our key focus in this review was on epilepsy detection, Epi-lepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions and one of the least understood. In this regard, we have summarized the findings of many epilepsy activity classification techniques that use EEG as the base signal. The review demonstrates

An EEG records patterns of brain activity. Among the basic waveforms are the alpha, beta, theta, and delta rhythms.

Electroencephalograhy is the recording of the electrical activity of the brain, usually taken through several electrodes at the scalp. EEG contains lots of valuable information relating to the different physiological states of the brain and thus is a very useful tool for understanding the brain disease, such as epilepsy [3]. EEG signals of epileptic patients exhibit two states of abnormal activities namely interictal or seizure free (in-between epileptic seizures) and ictal (in the course of an epileptic seizure) [4]. The interictal EEG signals are transient waveforms and exhibit spikes, sharp or spiky waves. The ictal EEG signals are continuous waveforms with spikes and sharp wave complexes. Epilepsy can be detected by traditional methods by well-trained and experienced neurophysiologists by visual inspection of long durations of EEG

More specifically, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are impacted upon by the tempo of music. The complexity of the human ear enables individuals to perceive, understand and interpret sounds. When music is played, the outer ear channels sound energy through to the middle ear where it is used to vibrate the ear drum and subsequently, form a compressional wave. The inner ear then converts this wave to produce nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain for deciphering. At this stage of the process, the regions of the brain which control emotion, arousal and pleasure are activated. Following this, the hypothalamus is reached. This section of the brain is responsible for homeostasis and thus, controls respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and nerves in both the stomach and skin. These series of actions occur in just one