Theory
The main goal of this experiment is to analyze and determine the closure of the energy balances around various heat exchangers, including shell-and-tube and two different double pipe exchangers, in a steady-state system. Additionally, the overall heat transfer coefficient for the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is to be calculated, and the heat transfer areas for the double pipe heat exchangers are to be calculated to determine if one or both possess fins.
Energy balances will be used evaluate three heat exchangers at steady-state conditions in this experiment. The most basic energy balance can be written as,
Q_h=Q_c (1) where Q_h is the heat lost by the hot fluid and Q_c
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The energy balance for the shell-and-tube heat exchanger can be written as, m ̇_( h)*C_(p,h)*(T_(h,i)-T_(h,o) )=m ̇_( c)*C_(p,c)*(T_(c,o)-T_(c,i) ) (5) where T_i is the temperature at the fluid inlet and T_o is the temperature at the fluid outlet. However, the energy balance around the double pipe heat exchanger can be written as, m ̇_( h)*C_(p,h)*(T_(h,i)-T_(h,o) ) +m ̇_( h)* ∆H_vap =m ̇_( c)*C_(p,c)*(T_(c,o)-T_(c,i) ) (6) since the steam will condense the energy associated with the phase change needs to be accounted for. After solving for both sides of the energy balance, the lowest heat transfer rate is taken to be the actual heat transfer value [1]. To analyze the accuracy of the theoretical energy balance to the actual heat exchanged, the percent closure can be found using,
% Closure=Q_out/Q_in *100% (7) where Q_out is the energy leaving the system and Q_in is the energy entering the system.
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for the shell-and-tube exchanger and the area of the double pipe heat exchangers, the Log Mean Temperature Difference Method, LMTD, can be used. The LMTD formula can be written
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Literature values for the overall heat transfer coefficients are provided in the Appendix, for both oil-water and steam-oil heat exchangers. The overall heat transfer coefficients calculated for the shell-and-tube heat exchanger will be compared to the literature value to determine the accuracy experimentally calculated coefficients. Additionally, the overall heat transfer coefficient for the double pipe exchangers will be provided by the literature data, and this will allow for equation 8 to be solved for the area of the double pipe heat exchanger.
The area of heat transfer in Equation 8 varies depending upon the type of heat exchanger being used. To calculate the area for the shell-and-tube heat exchanger
In order to measure the heats of reactions, add the reactants into the calorimeter and measure the difference between the initial and final temperature. The temperature difference helps us calculate the heat released or absorbed by the reaction. The equation for calorimetry is q=mc(ΔT). ΔT is the temperature change, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity of the solution, and q is the heat transfer. Given that the experiment is operated under constant pressure in the lab, the temperature change is due to the enthalpy of the reaction, therefore the heat of the reaction can be calculated.
11. Use the equation: q = m(SH)ΔT to solve for the specific heat of the metal.
2. How did concentration and/or volume differences affect the heat change (q) for each trial?
Another assumption we used was amid the calculation of the current pipeline amongst D and E. It was demonstrated that there was a prerequisite to convey an extra stream, and accordingly a new pipeline (looped) was required. A diameter was to be assumed for the new parallel pipeline. After two unsuccessful attempts with diameters of 0.3 m and 0.35 m, our third diameter of 0.38 m, successfully carried the additional flow rate of
Heat is a form of energy, sometimes called thermal energy, which can pass spontaneously from an object at a high temperature to an object at a lower temperature. If the two objects are in contact, they will, given sufficient time, both reach the same temperature. Heat always travels from hot to cold objects and two objects will reach an equilibrium temperature. Heat flow is commonly measured in a device called a calorimeter, an insulating container that minimizes heat exchange between its contents and the surrounding. Heat flow in a device called a calorimeter. In this experiment, we should find the heat capacity of the
Water rises into the reservoir as recharge occurs which suggests that there are two large storage regions in the geyser. The transport of heat from hot water or steam entering at the base of the recharging water into cooler occurs because. of an upward migration of steam
(the bracketed terms are molar equilibrium concentrations of the different species, and Kc is the temperature-dependent equilibrium
Test tube 1, at 0 degrees Celsius had 400mL of ice and water. This beaker was placed on the table. Test tube 2, at 23degrees Celsius required no bath, to maintain room temperature, therefore test tube 2 was kept on the rack. Test tube 3, at 37 degrees Celsius was placed in the water bath that was already prepared by the professor. The final test tube at 55 degrees Celsius was also placed in the water bath that had been on the side bench.
4. Remelt the contents of the tube and add the counterpart component based on the given schedule. Ask the demonstrator to adjust the cooling water between mixtures. During the experiment, record and plot the data obtained for all mixtures listed. The experiments are stopped as follows:
Introduction Calorimetry is to capture energy; you can find both joules and calories from it. This experiment is to show which type would capture energy the best. You will need to know the specific heat of water, as well as the equations to preform this expirement. Purpose
The second experiment involved the heat exchange between metal and water. The metal in beaker and water in calorimeter
The amount of heat gained can be found by multiplying the (mass)(specific heat of water)(change in temperature). This follows the rule of Conservation Of Energy, that states energy can be neither created nor destroyed. Using this we are able to see that the amount of energy absorbed by the water is also equal to the amount released by the food in the
improve the quality of heater core tubes: the re-shaping process and the gauging inspection. The
We will be using 6 different fuels to heat up 100ml of water, and find out the changes of the temperature. We will measure the temperatures of the water before and after the experiment. We will burn heat the water for exactly 2 minutes, and check the changes in temperature. The change in temperature will allow us to work out the energy given off the fuel by using this formula:
The temperature-time plot gotten by applying a lumped-parameter analysis (Equation 6) to the Aluminum cylinder was compared to the plot obtained from the thermocouple located closest to center of the cylinder. This thermocouple is chosen for comparison because it is located farthest from the heating source and will have a temperature history that differs most from an ideal lumped system. With this thermocouple, we should therefore obtain the maximum error associated with applying a