Epidemiology Diagnosis Of Equine

Researchers are currently trying to gain knowledge on the extent of the problem; how the parasite works, what species can be infected, and once infected, what species experience the least amount of symptoms. They believe that by infecting native tree frogs with this parasite, they may be able to increase the amount of parasites while decreasing the amount of toads. L.Pizzatto and R. Shine (2011) had three assumptions. “(1) The parasite has no detrimental effect on the frogs; (2) the frogs are capable of maintaining a lungworm infection long term; and (3) infective larvae passed in the frog’s faeces are capable of infecting toads and reducing their viability.” (p.546)

While the fly is dead, the N. Risticii is still active and can have an incubation period of 10-18 days before being noticed. Symptoms of the disease are initially depression and lack of appetite, followed by a high fever of 102-107. Upon reaching this stage of PHF the infected equine may develop mild colic and/or diarrhea. In severe cases, laminitis can develop on top of the other symptoms. If an animal demonstrates signs of depression, anorexia, fever, and/or dehydration, contacting the veterinarian is advisable as PHF can escalate quickly. While waiting on the vet, it is recommended that the owner monitor the animal’s vital signs (heart rate, bpm, temperature, capillary refill) and attempt to keep the animal cool (ice boots, cold-hosing main vein areas or areas of heat, fans). Once under the vet’s care, most run blood tests on top of basic examination, before being put on medication via IV. Most horses that are diagnosed with the illness can be treated with oxytetracycline (oxytet 6.6 mg/kg, IV.) if it is given during the beginning stages, with a response rate of roughly 12 hours. On average, treatment takes place for a (maximum) of 5 days with a very high success rate. Overall, Potomac has a fatality rate of 5%-30% but the treatment has proven highly effective if caught

Horses are classified as hindgut fermenters, meaning a balance of good and bad bacteria aid in the digestion of foodstuff in the cecum and large intestine [5]. The hindgut is not only a fermentation vat, but it also stimulates the immune responses, protects against pathogens,

In this paper, I will be discussing the equine genetic disease Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) or Impressive Syndrome. I will share the origins of HYPP through the genetic influence of an American Quarter Horse Stallion called Impressive. There will be coverage of the signs of HYPP and comparison to similar symptoms found in other ailments. I will explain the causes of HYPP attacks in regards to the abnormalities in afflicted horse’s potassium levels and voltage-gaited sodium channels. In closing, I will provide recommendations in management practices, prevention and possibilities for eliminating for HYPP from the equine industry.

Naylor J. May 1994. Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: review and implications. Can Vet J. 35. 279-285.

The body condition score was and 7/9 and the preservation of the carcass was excellent. There was no evidence of external parasites or signs of trauma, the nostrils were clean, the eyes were within normal limits, and there was no evidence of diarrhea. A fecal sample was obtained from the colon to assess the parasite load.

“Whenever horses travel, they can be exposed to disease — either from contact with other horses or disease agents in the area,” says April Knudson, DVM, manager, Veterinary Services, Merial. “Even though they may not travel as often, trail horses can still be at risk for contracting serious equine diseases, including rabies, Potomac horse fever, West Nile virus and equine influenza.”

array of aliments ranging from a mild rash to amputation, even death. Strains of the drug resistant pathogen

Well, horses are at risk of numbers of serious infectious diseases, some of which can lead to death. Regular vaccinations can help keep a horse safe, by ensuring they produce enough antibodies to fight off specific diseases, if they are exposed to it. Vaccinations are proven to help protect against many serious equine diseases. They are often no cures for these disease, and treatment can be painfully expensive with no guarantee of success that a horse will get better. Some diseases can spread so quickly to other horses, or even in the case of the Hendra virus, it can spread to humans. “No one wants sick horses,” Timmins said. “All horse show organizers can do is put the requirements out there and hope that people comply and that they understand why vaccinations are so important. “When a horse pops with a fever at a show everyone is alarmed,” continued Timmins. “If proper vaccination protocols are followed, it is easier for us to figure out why that horse has a fever and treat them quickly and

Flies are known to spread a variety of pathogens, including the microorganisms that are responsible for stomach worms and equine infectious anemia. Furthermore, in an agricultural setting, flies are especially of concern because they breed quickly and have the ability to swarm in large numbers. However, even just a few persistent flies can annoy a horse to the point that he or she begins to

Fleas and ticks are common external parasite in horses. These can cause problems for horse due to being blood sucking and carrying diseases. Replant sprays are used for external parasites. It is also important to keep grass cut and treated in areas of pastures and trail rides. Horse hooves need daily care to prevent disease or damage.

Cutaneous neoplasms is a neoplastic tumour, mainly affects skin of most animals including horses and represented 50% of equine clinical reported neoplasms (Scott and Miller 2011; Buechner-Maxwell 2009 Thomas et al 1997 , Zachary and McGavin 2012 ). Usually neoplasms can affect either the ectoderm ,mesoderm and melanocytic (Zachary and McGavin 2012 ). Most of the ectodermal neoplasms of the epidermis and adnexa are benign, exception the neoplasms of apocrine glands of sweat glands and anal sac, also the surface epithelium neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma) (Jones et al. 1997 ; Zachary and McGavin 2012). Equine cutaneous neoplasms are largely mesenchymal in origin and benign in nature and usually associated with Saddle horses (a composite

Colic is one of the most common ailments experienced by horses and is more common in horses than any other animal. It is more common at night and is often connected with irregular feeding. This is because of the horses’ inability to vomit and unload the stomach, the small size of the stomach and the great length of the intestines, puckering of the large intestine allowing food to lodge there, the range of movement the large intestine has within the abdomen and finally, the frequency a horse is affected with internal parasites. Colic can be fatal so it is vitally important that a vet should be called if colic is suspected. Colic is a set of symptoms pointing to severe abdominal pain. True colic relates to conditions arising in the intestines

Horses have changed throughout time; their anatomy and how they are built down to their physiology has morphed from their ancestors. As time continues, diseases that affect the equine species only increase as well. One of the most prominent diseases present today is the Equine Herpesvirus or Rhinopneumonia (EHV). There are five types of the disease: EHV type 1-5 (EHV-1, 2, 3, 4, 5). However only four are commonly known and of those, two have been studied extensively and are known for their affects on the equine population around the world. While EHV-1 and EHV-4 are quite similar and share some identical signs in a few cases, they usually cause different _____.

In cattle, the clinical signs of the disease are easily confused with the symptoms of vesicular stomatitis (Alexandersen, Zhang, Donaldson and Garland, 2003). Therefore, laboratory testing is essential for diagnosis. Bodily fluids are taken for testing. If no vesicles can be found, fluid can be collected by pharyngeal swabbing for virus isolation or reverse transcription PCR. Serum (blood) samples may also be tested this way (OIE Terrestrial Manual,