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decided to pursue a CSE doctoral degree in the US later because his long-term career goal was to become a professor in the CSE discipline. His strong motivation stimulated him to actively participate in his professors’ research and create opportunities to practice his English. In his fourth college year, he voluntarily engaged in two research projects and presented results at a CSE conference in Taiwan. In addition, he sometimes wrote assignments and exam questions in English to practice his English writing. Nevertheless, he reported that he did not receive training in English academic writing. His instructors also did not provide writing feedback so he was unable to learn from the practices. Moreover, English courses he took centered more …show more content…

After the research job, he pursued a CSE doctoral degree in the US. He started to work as a research assistant in his advisor’s research team in the second semester. In the doctoral program, teaching materials were in English. All assignments, lab reports, meetings notes, conference proposals, and publications were written in English. In his advisor’s research team, he had numerous opportunities to collaboratively conduct research with other doctoral students and experienced researchers. Moreover, their team meetings were intensive (approximate three times per week). He, thus, had various opportunities to listen to and discuss CSE-related research with other team members. One of notable features of his advisor’s research team is their mentorship system. Each novice doctoral student would be paired with an experienced researcher who would be a major mentor and assisted the novice in undertaking team research and writing conference proposals and publications. The role of his advisor was more like a supervisor who monitored the last version of conference proposals and publications. In addition, senior researchers had more opportunities to work close with his advisor whereas novices worked close to their individual mentors (senior researchers). The shift of language and academic culture from Chinese to English greatly

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