ACO simulates the behavior of real ants. The first ACO technique is known as Ant System and it was applied to the travelling salesman problem. Since then, many variants of this technique have been produced. ACO is a probabilistic technique that can be applied to generate solutions for combinatorial optimizations problems. The artificial ants in the algorithm represent the stochastic solution construction procedures which make use of the dynamic evolution of the pheromone trails that reflects the ants' acquired search experience and the heuristic information related to the problem in hand, in order to construct probabilistic solutions [15].
In order to apply ACO to test case generation, a number of issues need to be addressed, namely,
I.
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Problems identified based on reviewed research papers are:
As the dimensionality of the Attribute space increases, many types of data analysis and classification also become significantly harder, and, additionally, the data becomes increasingly sparse in the space it occupies which can lead to big difficulties for both supervised and unsupervised learning.
A large number of Attributes can increase the noise of the data and thus the error of a learning algorithm, especially if there are only few observations (i. e., data samples) compared to the number of Attributes.
• In the last years, several studies have focused on improving feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques and substantial progress has been obtained in selecting, extracting and constructing useful feature sets. However, due to the strong inuence of different feature subset selection methods on the classification accuracy, there are still several open questions in this research field. Moreover, due to the often increased number of candidate features for various application areas new questions arise.
• Curse of dimensionality:
Following various problems occurs when searching in or estimating density on high-dimensional spaces-
1. Estimation: In a multidimensional grid, the problem of calculating a density function on a high-dimensional space may be seen as finding the density at each
In November of 2010, I was playing basketball in the fifth game of my senior season. It was just like any other game. However, I would soon find out otherwise. It was late in the game; I drove into the lane and got fouled hard. I was knocked so off-balance that I speared the floor with my knee. As soon as my knee hit the floor I heard a “snap” that I will never forget for the rest of my life. Little did I know at the time, that would be the last shot of my high school basketball career. Not long after my injury, I consulted a doctor. After getting an x-ray and an MRI, the doctor informed me that I had completely torn my ACL and would need to have surgery. An ACL tear can be a very devastating injury. The anterior cruciate
This discussion is based on case study of imposition of values by a counselor. Mary Ann is a 19 year old college student, who sought counseling at the college counseling center due to her depressive behavior and desire to do better in school work. She is not expressing suicidal feelings but rather she expressed her thought of disappearance and not to exist. She spoke proudly about her brother who is pursuing education in the seminary, and states her desire to work in the church but eventually feels less energized to do so. Mary has a strong believes in her Christian and Religious faith. She also described her family as being religious and that faith is very important in their lives.
eight years. He has been well liked by all the staff and has many regular
DUE Friday November 1, 2013– This project is due on November 1st before 4:00 pm and is to be submitted in the Accounting Lab – room 200 in the Rands House. The hours for submission of and help with the project will be posted on the class Blackboard site. You will sign your project in to create a record of its being submitted. Be sure your name and the name of your TA are on the front page of the project.
Use the following format for your essay. It is based on the grading rubric structure. Identify the item in the appropriate rubric area and then present your reasoning in a paragraph for each tax decision you have made. Use as much space as necessary in each category. (The task instructions give a suggested total length of 2-5 pages.
A. Filing Status: There are two choices of filing status available to this taxpayer couple, married filing separately and married filing jointly. For this taxpayer couple the recommended filing status is married filing jointly. The tax rates would be higher if they filed separately. Additionally, some deductions (e.g. tuition and student loan interest), credits (e.g. Earned Income Credit) and exclusions would not be allowed if they filed separately. Since they sold a personal residence during this tax year, they will be able to exclude up to $500,000 profit from the sales as joint filers rather than only up to $250,000 if filing separately. There will be 2 qualified personal exemptions and 3 exemptions for the 3
The American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics is an organization for the protection of governmental space programs and the use of aerospace science and engineering. They function as an interest group, influencing the government to pass laws and put policies in place that benefit their needs. Their mission is “to inspire and advance the future of aerospace for the benefit of humanity, to address the professional needs and interests of the past, current, and future aerospace workforce and to advance the state of aerospace science, engineering, technology, operations, and policy to benefit our global society”. The AIAA’s members support many different space-related programs and causes, including strategic missile defense programs,
The major issue filter based feature subset methods are producing feature subset with maximum relevancy and minimum redundancy. The subset of features ‗S‘ are identified based on selecting feature subset at the multiple level . Finally, a subset of 19 % features are produced from the gives the better classifier performance when compared with other feature subsets methods . Extensive experiments are conducted on image data sets and shows that our framework for selecting optimal feature subset produced better efficiency and accuracy. The future scope of the work is to annotate the image regions and can retrieve relevant images based on image
Operations management focuses on managing the processes of producing and distributing products and services. Operations activities often include product creation, development, production and distribution. It deals with all operations within the organization. Related activities include managing purchases, inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluations. The nature of how operations management is carried out in an organization depends very much on the nature of products or services in the organization, for example, retail, manufacturing, wholesale, etc.
This paper intends to define operations management and analyze an ethics decision made by operations managers in the workplace or in a known organization.
Characterization in information mining is an assignment of anticipating an estimation of all out factors. It should be possible by building models in view of a few factors or highlights for the expectation of a class of a protest on the premise of its traits [4]. A standout amongst the most well-known learning strategy gathered by likenesses is Naïve Bayes Classifier. It is an administered machine learning calculations that work on the Bayes Theorem of Probability to manufacture machine learning models. Guileless Bayes Classifier is extremely useful for breaking down printed information, for example, Natural Language Processing. It chips away at restrictive likelihood. What's more, it is the likelihood that something will happen, given that something else has just happened. By using this, the client will have the capacity to compute the likelihood of a something utilizing its information [5].
The application of algebraic topology to data analysis is relatively new but promising. When confronted with large volumes of high dimensional data we would like to identify significant phenomena, and the persistence of topological features provides a new and potentially useful measure of significance. A key promise of this method is the ability to identify features without a model- truly unsupervised learning.
Some of the recent work related to the automated test data generation is listed below:
In some cases, redundant features can lead to noisy data that distract the learning algorithm and degrade the accuracy of the IDS through which, training and testing processes will be slowed down. Significant features are confessed to have a high significance on the performance of the classifiers. And handling appropriate feature selection methods renders the models to make them feasible to construe, reducing the training times and augment the generalization [10] [11]. Filtering approach is used as a robust one in building IDS, a set of features is chosen which are treated as most effective correlating to the classification procedure [12].
In addition to the probability map, each agent in a multi-agent system transmits its position information to its neighbours and receives the same information from them. The agents possess the probability maps (made possible via time-varying density function) of targets