Essay On Agrammatic Aphasia

Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects many adults and families. Aphasia occurs as a result of damage to the language-specific areas of the brain (ASHA, 2014). Individuals with aphasia may experience difficulties with oral language, receptive language, memory, attention writing, and reading. There are a myriad of approaches designed for the treatment of aphasia. Two treatment approaches, Promoting Aphasics Communicative Effectiveness (P.A.C.E.) and Constraint Induced Language Therapy (C.I.L.T.), and their efficacy in regard to available evidence will be discussed below.

(2) Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is characterised by problems with speech production. Individuals may struggle to find the correct words when engaging in conversation. Often individuals will struggle to pronounce words correctly (especially if they have more than two syllables), and their speech will lack appropriate grammar. Problems understanding speech can also be present, especially if the sentence contains complex grammar.

Expressive (motor) Aphasia is a neurological condition that occurs when words cannot be formed, expressed, or may be absent due to an injury to the cerebral cortex. (Brooks & Brooks, 2012).

Connors (1979) argues the need for a lower complexity of the logical appeals in speech, stating that appeals “must be presented slowly and reiteratively” (1979, p. 288). Wallace uses multiple adjectives to describe an item or idea, and the scenarios in his examples are described extensively, which makes them more pertinent and comprehendible. For example, “the store is hideously, fluorescently lit, and infused with soul-killing Muzak or corporate pop.” (Wallace, 2008, para. 6)

The effects of two treatments for word retrieval impairments in aphasic individuals. With the use of errorless naming treatment (ENT) and gestural facilitation of naming (GES). The effects of the two treatments that were used for a daily picture naming/gesture production probe measure and in standardized aphasia tests and communication rating scales were administered across phases of treatment. (p.235)

Therefore, speech becomes agrammatic and difficult to comprehend, often due to a significant shortage of verbs and phonological errors in conversational speech 6. Additionally, agrammatism in nfvPPA may include omitting required determiners, and failure to produce appropriate subject – verb agreement 7. As the disease progresses, language impairment becomes more prominent and speech fluency decreases. The language profile of semantic variant PPA, is characterized by a progressive loss of semantic knowledge 8. Thus, patients with svPPA lose the meaning of words and concepts, seen particularly in the context of naming and single-word comprehension 9. At present, there has been considerably less research focusing on the treatment of FTD than that of AD. Currently available FTD medications have been used to control behavioral symptoms although they are expensive and ineffective in some patients 10. However, there are no FDA-approved medications specifically indicated for the treatment of FTD 11. Therefore, complementary or alternative non-pharmacological approaches in patients with FTD are of great

Human beings occasionally suffer bad damage to particular parts of their brains. Unfortunately, these injuries may lead to major failure of speech production, understanding language and comprehension which most of the patients suffer it permanently. This impairment is called Aphasia. Gayle (2012) states that people with aphasia fail to understand sentence comprehension although it is a simple sentence. She also mentioned that aphasia patients also have difficulty in reading and understanding speeches. According to Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams (2011), aphasia is a scientific term used to explained language disorder due to brain injuries caused by diseases or trauma. In other words, aphasia involves partial or total loss of the ability to

The second experiment is focused on semantic priming in accuracy paradigm. The prediction it was designed to address is whether ambiguous novel compounds facilitate recall accuracy to monomorphemic associates of both parsing choices. The procedure was altered by adapting the morpheme recall task and by having a pre or post primes compound

There are many different language delays and disorders found in the pediatric population. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is one of the most common of these disorders. Dr. Libby Kumin defines CAS as “a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty planning, coordinating, producing and sequencing speech sounds” (Kumin, n.d.). Apraxia does not occur because of weakness or paralysis of facial and oral muscles. It occurs when a child’s brain cannot properly plan the movement of body parts necessary for normal speech production (“Childhood Apraxia,” 2011). Though CAS is the most common name for this specific disorder, it is also referred to as a variety of other names. Some of these names include: dyspraxia, developmental

The later assessment analyzes the prosodic functioning in individuals with a range of disorders, most commonly patients with aphasia. In this test certain sentences are said with variety of emotions, the text provides the example "I am going to the other movies". The speaker saying the sentence varies in several emotions such as happiness sadness anger disinterest or surprise. The use of prosody assists conveying the emotional intent. Then monosyllabic and asyllabic utterances were also said with those same six emotional convictions. The final segment of the assessment asked subjects to determine weather sentences were of the same emotion or different (Monnot et al., 2001).

Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. For most people, these are parts of the left side (hemisphere) of the brain. Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as the result of a stroke or head injury, but it may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor. The disorder impairs the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. “Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage”. (Sarno 23)

Aphasia is a language disorder that can be the result of a brain injury. An individual that is suffering from aphasia may experience difficulty speaking, writing, reading, or comprehending. There are three different types of Aphasia that differ in various ways. First, Wernicke’s Aphasia is the inability to grasp the meaning of words and sentences that have been produced by another individual. This type of aphasia is also known as “fluent aphasia” or “receptive aphasia”. Wernicke patients’ speech may come across like a jumble of words or jargon, but it is very well articulated and they have no issue producing their own connected speech. If the patient is consecutively making errors, it is common for them to be unaware of their difficulties, and not realize that their sentences don’t make sense. The severity of the disorder varies depending on the patient, and the disorder results form damage in the left posterior temporal region of the brain, which is also known as Wernicke’s area.

Anomia emerges in the early stages of PPA, most patients remain in the anomic phase through most of the disease and experience a gradual worsening of these deficits over time. During the anomic stage, the naming of objects may become impaired and speech may display a choppy quality because of frequent pauses for word-finding. The word-finding and object naming aspects of anomia may present separate from each other. Word-finding deficits lead to simplification, circumlocution, substitution by fillers, and paraphasias. Simplification occurs when a patient uses a general word instead of an infrequent but more appropriate word. Circumlocution occurs when a patient appears to be “talking in circles” by circuitously articulating a thought when the concise word cannot be retrieved. Substitution by fillers occur when an individual says “the thing” or “the place” as an alternative to the missing word. Paraphasias occur when an individual substitutes incorrect words. Paraphasias can be phonemic (replacement of an incorrectly sounding word) or semantic (replacement of sounds within a word). Phonemic paraphasias are common in PPA but rare in AD. Word finding deficits may lead to “empty” speech which presents with typical intonation and fluency but expresses little information. Over the course of progression of PPA, the anomic stage may develop into one of the distinct four categories of PPA

Acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) is a neurogenic motor speech disorder that results from an impaired capacity to plan or program the sensorimotor commands that direct the muscular movement and positioning necessary for phonetically and prosodically typical speech (Duffy, 2013). These clinical characteristics are not attributed to physiologic disturbances such as paralysis, paresis, or incoordination, or to the language processing disturbances that characterize aphasia. AOS is almost always the result of a disturbance in the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain. Common deviant speech characteristics of AOS include a slowed rate of speech, difficulties in sound production, abnormal prosody, and disturbed fluency. The characteristics that best distinguish AOS from other motor speech disorders are distorted sound substitutions and additions, decreased phonemic accuracy with increased rate and length of utterance, attempts to self-correct articulatory errors, groping for correct articulatory postures, and greater difficulty on volitional than

Patients suffering from word selection anomia sometimes might have exhibit selective impairment, example the patients is able to distinguish the different colors presented to them but they can’t identify them by name. Semantic anomia is a disorder in which the patient doesn’t know the meaning of the word. Patients with semantic anomia are unable to the select the right object even when they are giving the name and the function of the object. Disconnection anomia is he results from the severing of the connection between sensory and language. Patients with disconnection anomia are limited to a specific sensory modality, such as hearing. For example, when the patient is able to name the object when they are presented via the sensory modalities like audition, this patient might be unable to name the object when presented