Health effects Cathinone is structurally and functionally closely similar to amphetamine and can cause catecholamaines releases from pre-synaptic storage sites resulting in CNS stimulation and a variety of peripheral sympathomimetic effects such as tachycardia and hypertension (Hughes, 1973). Cathinone has a more rapid onset and a shorter half life than amphetamine (Kalix et al., 1985). The effects of oral administration of cathinone occur more rapidly than the effects of amphetamine; roughly 15 minutes as compared to 30 minutes in amphetamine (Wagner et al., 1982). Cathinone is probably the main contributor to the stimulant effect of khat. Cathinone is an unstable molecule that rapidly transformes into cathine. Cathine is a less powerful stimulant and the pharmacological conversion from cathinone to cathine causes the decrease of stimulating properties of khat leaves over time. Fresh leaves have a greater ratio of cathinone to cathine than dried ones (Chappell et al., 2010). Khat has psychological, medical, social and economic effects on human beings (Nencini et al., 1984). Most of the adverse …show more content…
Furthermore, it has a pronounced anorectic effect (Giannini & Castellain, 1982; Gough & Cookson, 1984). When the acute effects disappear, consumers experience feelings of depletion, insomnia, numbness, depression, lack of energy, and mental fatigue (Al-Habori, 2005). Unlike other drugs, Catha edulis does not seem to have a withdrawal syndrome and in extreme cases may lead to nightmares for a couple of days after stopping khat chewing (Al-Habori, 2005). WHO has concluded that khat consumption may induce “moderate but often persistent psychic dependence” the withdrawal symptoms after prolonged khat use seem to be limited (Halbach,
I will refer to a particular service user I support as (A). 2years ago (A) was assessed and deemed a risk to their self in the community and within the house when alone with out staff support during the hours of 8am and 9pm but at night (A) had appropriate measures in place to ensure safety at night, door
As Indian groups started to settle in the Mississippi floodplain, their cultures and political systems began to intertwine, creating a complex sociopolitical structure (Page, 70). The largest polity to arise out of this area, known as the American Bottom, was Cahokia. At its height, it resembled a city, extending over five square miles, mounds and structures that towered over smaller dwellings, and a population, that some believe to have been the largest, north of Mexico, for its time (Page, 70). Estimates predict several thousand lived at the site of Cahokia, many of them elites, whose particular talents or skills, earned them the privileged title (Pauketat). Beyond its boundaries were smaller groups and
“A large baseball stadium holds about 55,000 people. If everyone in that stadium were murdered, and if the stadium were filled up again five more times and all of those people were also murdered, what would still be less than the number of Jews killed at Chelmno alone.” (Feldman 220) Chelmno is the first extermination camp and the leading camp in the in-vans asphyxiation killing method that killed hundreds thousands of people in the Holocaust during World War II. Learning and understanding the holocaust, we would be able to know the brutality and inhumanity of the Nazi and to let it never happen again.
In Hanna Guthrie’s article, “Black History Month,” the UCI New University writer discusses the racism in America. In order for racism to be abolished, Guthrie accentuates racism is being spread through American Citizens self segregation. Though Hanna Guthrie article presents a clear claim and provides a small amount of factual evidence to support in itself, ultimately Guthrie article is unsuccessful because she fails to provide an adequate amount of logic-based information to support her primary claim, excessively dependent upon emotion-driven attacks on those who disagree with her, and frequently fails to present her augment in a approach that makes her creditable.
Catheter related bloodstream infections are not only responsible for prolonged hospital stays and increased hospital costs, it is also responsible for increased mortality of the hospitalized patients. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), an estimate of 30,100 central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) occur in intensive care units and wards of U.S. acute care facilities each year. CLABSI is a serious hospital-acquired infection that occurs when bacteria enters the bloodstream through central venous catheters. CLABSI is preventable as long as health-care personnel practice aseptic techniques when working with the catheter. A blood culture swabbed from the tip of the catheter is needed to confirm the
Which of the following extrinsic factors lead to the occurrence of diseases? Select all that apply. Answers: Smoking
Hicks, Jennifer. “Overview of the Lottery.” Chattanooga State. Detroit: Gale, 2002. From Literature Resource Center.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi was originally built with large bricks, but underwent an expansion, which brought it to its current state. It is a hemispherical mound of rubble and earth covered with sandstones. The Great Stupa stands at about fifty-four feet high and has a diameter of 120 feet. On top of the stupa is a flat area that holds a chatra, similar to a three-tiered umbrella, surrounded by a harmica, or square railing. One third of the way up the hemispherical mound there is a terrace enclosed with a fence that was used for rituals. Underneath the upper terrace there is a path on the ground enclosed by a verdica, or a fence. There are two paths because the upper terrace is used by high priests during rituals, while the lower path is used by pilgrims.
Vomiting, diarrhea, trembling, slow weight gain, increased heart rate, and seizures are some of the withdrawal
The medical use of amphetamines was common in the 1950/60's when they were used to help cure depression and to help the user lose weight. An amphetamine is a drug that is a stimulant to the central nervous system. Amphetamines are colorless and may be inhaled, injected, or swallowed. Amphetamines are also used non-medically to avoid sleep, improve athletic performance, or to counter the effects of depressant drugs. Amphetamines are addictive. Because of this, when the user discontinues use or reduces the amount that they use, withdrawal symptoms may occur. Some withdrawal symptoms are as follows: severe exhaustion, deep sleep lasting from 24 to 48 hours, psychotic reaction, extreme hunger, deep depression, anxiety reactions, and long but
Kratom is a plant that is native to Malaysia and Thailand. It is in the same family as coffee. It has a number of benefits when it is used properly. However, if it is abused, then it can have devastating effects on health. Below is a list of some of the effects of abusing Kratom:
Other drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the nerve cells to release abnormally large amounts of natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals. This disruption produces
Crystal meth is a sub-category of amphetamine. Amphetamines are synthetic amines- which are similar to the body's neurotransmitter: norepinehrine and the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). Amphetamines stimulate the reticular activating system. This activation is transmitted to all parts if the brain. This process causes the user to become
Having argued for the view that hypothetical imperatives are wrong, I now wish to consider rival views. The other imperative that Kant talks about is the categorical imperative; wish is known to be the right one. “Categorical, or unqualified, imperatives are the right kind of imperatives, because they show proper recognition of the imperial status of moral obligation” (pg. 128). Kant named it, categorical imperatives (CI), which according to Kant is a strategy for control of morality in any course of movement. The CI consists of a couple steps that I will explain below:
f. .stimulants can cause enhanced brain activity increase and llertness in energy elevated blood pressure increase heart rate increase respiration and sleep deprivation…. Ultimately these three drugs possess the same long term affect when abused; high potential for physical dependence and addiction.