Essay On Influenza Virus

specifically MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus), binding to LPS improve their chances of successful transmission. MMTV-bound LPS get binds to toll-like receptor 4, which is a pattern recognition receptor of LPS. This event eventually leads to the induction of interleukin-10 (IL-10), which is an immune response inhibitory cytokine. By producing IL-10, it allows MMTV to go undetected by the

Influenza viruses are unique. They have the ability to avoid host immunity, therefore causing annual reoccurring epidemics of disease, and sometimes, major worldwide pandemics. The recognition of the variability in antigenic characteristics of influenza strains led to the establishment of a global Influenza Surveillance Network by the World Health Organization. The network monitors changes in viruses that cause outbreaks of influenza throughout the year all around the world. This article aims to

focused on two different mechanisms: clathrin-mediated endocytosis and clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis. Using real-time visualization of the influenza virus, Rust and colleagues were able to observe these two pathways in action. They hypothesized that without inhibiting endogenous endocytic mechanisms of the cell, the influenza virus would use both types of pathways to enter a cell. Multiple assays were performed in this article. Firstly, the authors fluorescently labeled clathrin with

fungi, bacteria and viruses. Influenza viruses are one of bioaerosol in indoor environment and are among the most common causes of human respiratory infections. Influenza viruses are among the most significant because they cause high morbidity and mortality [4]. Influenza viruses are spreaded with different ways such as; direct contact, indirect contact, large respiratory droplets and aerosols that are left behind by the evaporation of larger droplets [5]. Also, Virus aerosols may be released into

Influenza: The Virus and its Effects Abstract The flu, properly called influenza, is an amazingly widespread and widely known disease. There are many variations of the influenza virus, differing in severity, but not significantly different in function. The influenza virus infects epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, taking over the cell’s production mechanisms so more viruses are produced, eventually causing the host cells to burst. The body’s immune system tries to combat the infection

Therefore, Pizzola et al investigated the deposition, protection, and recall response of influenza virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells in the URT. These studies showed that influenza virus-specific Trm cells developed within the URT after intranasal influenza virus infection and rapidly cleared a secondary heterosubtypic influenza infection from the nasal mucosa and, in doing so, prevented virus spread into the lung. The URT is a key region to limiting viral spread to the LRT and, therefore

Avian influenza has been the prime focus owing to its importance in human health and the economic losses it creates. Asian countries have been mainly affected by the H5N1 virus where the disease is enzootic. A loss of 0.4% change in GDP occurred in South Asian region due to Avian influenza outbreaks (World Bank, 2006). The current control strategies against Avian Influenza are stamping and vaccination. Both these policies suffer from various drawbacks. The stamping out policy leads to loss

The influenza virus, also known as the seasonal flu, is a viral and contagious disease that was once recognized as one of the most devastating illnesses in global history. From 1918 to 1919, an estimated 500 million people worldwide fell sick with this illness and killed nearly 10%. In the United States, 675,000 Americans died during the pandemic, suffering from fever, body aches, nausea, and other impacting symptoms with little opportunity for treatment. First observed in Europe, flu outbreaks swept

Introduction The avian influenza virus is a type A influenza virus which is normally found in birds. Wild birds are the natural hosts for all known influenza type A viruses. This includes waterfowl, gulls and shorebirds. Ironically wild birds do not normally show symptoms of the influenza virus however when avian influenza type A viruses are passed onto domesticated birds, they are extremely susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) with a mortality rate of 90% to 100%1. Avian H2

Introduction: Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and other waterfowl are the natural reservoir of Influenza A virus (IAV) (Webster et al. 1992). IAV may cross the species barrier from the reservoir species causing sporadic infections in other avian or mammalian species (Webster et al. 1995). These infections impose a large burden on human and animal health worldwide leading to economic losses; In humans, in 2008, 90 million new influenza infections resulted in an estimated 28000- 115000 deaths worldwide (Nair et al