Essay On Leading Change In A Disruptive 21st Century

He deciphered that dogs like humans salivate (reflex response) when they see food; it is a natural physiological reflex response. However he also demonstrated that a signal such as using a bell (stimulus) just before he gave the dog food would eventually lead the dog to salivate at the sound of the bell even if there was no food present. Pavlov verified by pairing or associating another stimulus (the bell) with food he could train the dogs to salivate. This theory could then be applied to people as well. According to Richard et al (2007) it was found that pairing one stimulus with another stimulus could also provoke a reflexive response in people. This is also called a stimulus – response theory of learning.

After conducting an experiment, Pavlov realized that not only the dog physically eating the food set off the chemical reaction in its body, but so did the appearance of the bowl or the smell of the food (Saunders 48). From this hypothesis, he formulated the experiments that would later be known as classical conditioning (Krapp). Pavlov created five more experiments which significantly helped in proving his hypothesis (Saunders 50-51). In his first experiment, Pavlov would make a neutral sound and then present the food immediately after (Saunders 47). Saunders said, “Pavlov was interested in studying not the behavior of the dog in response to a stimulus such as food, but the automatic changes in the dog’s body in response to the stimulus (the reflex)” (Saunders 45). After this first experiment Pavlov realized that over time, if the animal heard the sound, it would have the same reaction as if it had just been fed. The dogs would drool and secrete stomach juices as if they were being fed, although the chemical makeup of the juices was different than if the animal actually ate the food (Saunders 48). In his next experiment, he found that a similar, not identical, sound would also trigger a reaction in the dog. This is called “stimulus generation". By contrast, his third experiment showed that he could teach a dog that a certain note from tuning a fork meant that it would get food, and another note would mean it did not get food. This is known as “stimulus discrimination”. During his fourth experiment, he realized that he could get the same reaction by creating another conditional stimulus. For example, he would pair a whistle with hand claps. For his final experiment, he would present the stimulus multiple times without giving the dog food. Eventually, the dog would not respond to the stimulus. This is known as extinction (Saunders 50-51).

Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studies learned to associate countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as conditioning. While the

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning which occurs when two stimuli are paired together repetitively and therefore become associated with each other eventually producing the same response. Classical conditioning was developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov to account for associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior such as salivation. Pavlov (1927) accidently discovered that dogs began to salivate before they had tasted their food. To support his theory, he carried out experiments using dogs which involved measuring the amount of saliva they produced. In his experiments, food started off as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which produced salivation, an unconditioned response (UCR). They are both unconditioned as they occur naturally without being learned. The dogs were presented with a bell (NS), this provided no salivation. The bell and food were presented together and after many trails an

VFE offered various programming, workshops and community service events relevant to future educators. One memorable professional development opportunity that I was able to partake in with VFE was the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) conference on educational leadership in 2014. The keynote speaker, Baruti Kafele, left a long-lasting impact on me. As a principal, author and motivational speaker, Kafele spoke passionately about his experiences, transforming an urban low performing school into a highly recognized school by changing attitudes. He rhetorically asked “What are you doing to change your students’ attitudes so that every day they walk into the classroom, they are fired up and ready to

Fifteen years ago, I served as the student board representative for my school district. All I can really remember is being entertained by emotional parent complaints and listening to jargon-filled presentations. Upon receiving my first pink slip from that same district seven years later, I spoke at a school board meeting for the first time. Three years later, I was motivated by another pink slip to speak in front of a school board--this time as a teacher for my current school district, San Diego County Office of Education (SDCOE) Juvenile Court and Community Schools (JCCS).

“During the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food”. At first this was something of a nuisance In his experiment, Pavlov used a bell as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his dogs, he also rang a bell. After a number of repeats of this procedure, he tried the bell on its own. As you might expect, the bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation. So the dog had learned an association between the bell and the food and a new behavior had been learnt. Because this response was learned (or conditioned), it is called a conditioned response. (simplypsychology.org)

There are two main types of conditioning; ‘classical conditioning’ and Skinners own brand ‘operant conditioning’. His initial experiment involved hungry rats placed in ‘Skinner boxes’. Inside the boxes were

Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).

Our environment and our upbringing is a major role on how we behave in our life.

The purpose of this “Purpose, Reflective Practice, and Career Goals” paper is to reflect on how the Education Specialist program in Leadership in Educational Administration will help me to build upon my leadership skills and provide me with the knowledge and tools necessary to effectively lead a school district dedicated to improving student achievement. In this paper, I explain how the program aligns with my career goals of becoming a school district superintendent and the importance of lifelong learning for educators. According to Rüprich & Urhahne (2015), teachers should set goals. I consider myself a lifelong learner with the ability to build leadership capacity and support instruction. Additionally, the Paper highlights the benefits of the program at Capella University as well as the usefulness of the available resources and the impact they will have on my learning during this journey.

YRPC is the secondary school student council for YRDSB that hosts monthly meetings, inviting students from all over the board to discuss ideas and issues within their school communities. As a Skill Builder, I collaborated with twenty-five student leaders from YRDSB to plan lessons and activities for our delegates at the conference. These student leaders were the most spirited people I had ever met; I realized that my idea of ‘school spirit’ was a far cry from what was possible. On the day of the conference I took what I had learned from my fellow Skill Builders and taught my delegates not only how to be aspiring leaders within their school communities, but also how to do it with passion. Working with the YRPC was a transformative experience for me, and thus I decided to run for an executive position on their council. However, on election night, nobody from TSS came out to support me. I was apprehensive and anxious at first, but I then remembered my goal to inspire other students the way YRPC had inspired me. During my speech I yelled with a voice I didn’t think I had, and although I couldn’t see it myself, I could feel the fire in my eyes. Thankfully, everyone in the audience could that the fire as well, and I am proud to say that I was elected to be YRPC’s Minister of Finance of 2017.

The dogs would start to salivate just by hearing the bell ringing, which normally would not produce this response. The first part of the process involves an unconditioned response, like blinking or salivating. The next part needed for classical conditioning is an unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus is one that automatically produces the unconditioned response, such as the smell of food triggering salivation. During conditioning, the neutral stimulus, like the bell in Pavlov’s case, is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, or the meat powder. After a while, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus then produces a conditioned response, since the subject of the experiment has associated the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned response. Many interesting experiments have been conducted using classical conditioning. Another scientist that preformed an experiment with classical conditioning is John B. Watson. Watson used classical conditioned to make a young boy fear white fluffy objects. He scared the child by making loud noises every time the child was presented a white rat.

This is known as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Meat is the unconditioned stimulus because at the sight of the meat the dogs begin to salivate (Feldman, 2010).   The dog’s response to the meat educes salivation and is known as the unconditioned response (UCR). An unconditioned response is defined as a reflexive and natural response that is not connected to prior learning. Unconditioned responses always occur in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (Feldman, 2010).   While conditioning the dogs, Pavlov would ring a bell right before the presentation of meat. Eventually, the dogs would associate the ringing of the bell with the meat. Therefore, the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the bell. At this point, Pavlov could state that he had classically conditioned his dogs. The bell which was a prior neutral stimulus had now become the conditioned stimulus (CS) that brought forth the conditioned response (CR) of salivation (Feldman, 2010). Moreover, we have to ask what would happen if these poor dogs were never again received food upon the ringing of the bell. This would lead to extinction. Extinction occurs when a prior conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears (Feldman, 2010).   In order for Pavlov to unconditioned his dogs he would have to break their association with the sound of the ringing bell and the presentation of food. To do so he