Essay On Pacemaker Contraction

If a pacemaker is implanted to control Greg’s heart rate, what life changes will be forced upon him? Do you think Greg will ever play competitive sports again?

The resting heart rate fluctuates over time because it is under control of the autonomic nervous system and the fluctuations are a result of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems trying to balance each other out.

Table 2. This table shows the recording of the amplitude, period, and BPMs for the ventricular contractions before and the effects of the Warm Ringer’s after.

2. Discuss the anatomical differences between frog and human hearts. The frog heart has a single ventricle and two atria.

When working on a heart in-vivo there is the action of both parasympathetic, sympathetic stimulation as well as hormonal control. In a live animal, the heart will continually be indirectly stimulated by nerve impulses that increase or decrease heart rate based on bodily activity. There is an absence of those factors in an isolated heart preparation, thus the heart rate will solely be determined by the sinoatrial node and the external stimuli administered. Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate Results: Provide the heart rate values recorded when the heart was bathed with Ringer’s solution of different temperatures. (2

Heart(cardiovascular) disease involves many statuses where the normal function is disrupted by the condition of the heart or blood vessels. It will slow down the delivery of oxygenated blood into the body. There are several requirements for the heart to have a normal function. There needs to be adaptable coronary circulation because the vessels that supply the oxygen and nutrients to the heart must be functional, capable and meet increased demands when needed. It must provide a flexible response by the myocardial contractile cells so when the animal needs additional cardiac output during exercise and stress, the cells of the heart can provide a higher heart rate output. The valves on the heart are crucial and must be maintained for blood flow

Brady Arrhythmias is any disruption of cardiac rhythm resulting in 60 heartbeats per minute or less. However, it should be noted that 60 BPM is normal heart rate for young adults and athletes. There are multiple possible causes including heart tissue damage, hypothyroidism and inflammatory diseases: Risk for Brady Arrhythmia increases due to age, smoking and high blood pressure. Effects include fainting or feeling faint, fatigue and chest pains. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms ranging from medications to implanting a pacemaker to monitor heart rate and generate electrical impulses to stimulate a proper heartrate.

It may be necessary to monitor the patient's cardiovascular activity or actually implant a pacemaker to normalize the patient's heartbeat. If the physician uses an implantable cardiovascular monitor system use code 93297. However, if the physician actually implants the pacemaker into patient's chest the proper code is 33216 for single lead or 33217 for a double lead pacemaker. The coder must insure that the code matches the type of implant provided to the

Myocardial cells sustain their electrical gradient among their membrane, with the inside being slightly more negative. The resting potential is regulated by channels and pumps distributed inside and outside of the cell. As the cell depolarizes, the gate of the calcium channel opens, allowing calcium to enter the cell. The calcium flowing into the cell simultaneously results in initiating the action potential. With depolarization, the potassium channels then open, while the calcium channels close. Repolarization occurs when potassium leaves the cells, and then the whole cycle begins

9. When the heart is externally stimulated just after the start of the contraction cycle, why does this have no affect on heart rate?

The insect that i have chosen to compare to the cardiovascular system of with a mammals is an ant ( Anoplolepis gracillipes).

The Sinus node is a small bundle of specialised cells located in the right atrium of the which generates an impulse in the heart. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. This forces blood into the ventricles, which sets the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat. A pacemaker is needed to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the heart’s natural pacemaker – sinus node – is not fast enough or there is a block in the heart’s conduction system.

Reptiles cardiovascular system only consists of two atriums and one ventricle whilst mammals have two atriums and two ventricles (Ackerman and Aspinall, 2016). Fishes have a long heart which only contains one atrium and one ventricle therefore the blood only needs to be pumped through the heart once (Ackerman and Aspinall, 2016).

The heart is one of the most important organs in an organism’s body, no matter if they are aquatic, amphibian, or a mammal. This super organ works automatically, able to pump massive amounts of oxygen rich blood through the body by means of electrical impulses and the opening and closing of valves within its many layers. It is what keeps us and every other creature on this earth alive; so it is only natural for one to fear when there might be a problem with one’s heart. A cardiac arrhythmia can happen to anyone, no matter the age, race, or gender, and as such, doctors and scientist have spent years trying to better understand the heart and the way it functions so that they can try to prevent these problems and save millions of lives.

While contraction in skeletal muscle is triggered by motor neurons under central control, certain cardiac muscle variants exhibit autorhythmicity. This means that that they are capable of producing their own depolarizing electrical potential. The cardiomyocytes that are capable of producing their own electrical potentials are found in what is referred to as the electrical condition system of the heart. This system is comprised of specializes cardiomyocytes that are autorhythmic and are able to conduct electrical potentials rapidly. These specialized structures include the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle, and Purkinje fibers.